ObjectiveTo investigate the toxicological effects of cleistanthin A and cleistanthin B using sub-chronic toxicity testing in rodents.MethodCleistanthins A and B were isolated from the leaves of Cleistanthus collinus. Both the compounds were administered orally for 90 days at the concentration of 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg, and the effects on blood pressure, biochemical parameters and histology were assessed. The dose for sub-chronic toxicology was determined by fixed dose method according to OECD guidelines.ResultSub-chronic toxicity study of cleistanthins A and B spanning over 90 days at the dose levels of 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg (once daily, per oral) revealed a significant dose dependant toxic effect in lungs. The compounds did not have any effect on the growth of the rats. The food and water intake of the animals were also not affected by both cleistanthins A and B. Both the compounds did not have any significant effect on liver and renal markers. The histopathological analysis of both cleistanthins A and B showed dose dependent morphological changes in the brain, heart, lung, liver and kidney. When compared to cleistanthin A, cleistanthin B had more toxic effect in Wistar rats. Both the compounds have produced a dose dependent increase of corpora amylacea in brain and induced acute tubular necrosis in kidneys. In addition, cleistanthin B caused spotty necrosis of liver in higher doses.ConclusionThe present study concludes that both cleistanthin A and cleistanthin B exert severe toxic effects on lungs, brain, liver, heart and kidneys. They do not cause any significant pathological change in the reproductive system; neither do they induce neurodegenerative changes in brain. When compared to cleistanthin A, cleistanthin B is more toxic in rats.
Introduction:Perinatal asphyxia is a major cause for neonatal mortality and morbidity around the world. The reduction of O2 results in the generation of reactive oxygen species which interact with nucleic acid and make alteration in the structure and functioning of the genome. We studied the effect of therapeutic hypothermia on chromosomes with karyotyping.Subjects and Methods:Babies in the hypothermia group were cooled for the first 72 h, using gel packs. Rectal temperature of 33–34°C was maintained. Blood sample was collected after completion of therapeutic hypothermia for Chromosomal analysis. It was done with IKAROS Karyotyping system, Metasystems, based on recommendations of International system of human cytogenetic nomenclature.Results:The median chromosomal aberration was lower in hypothermia [2(0-5)] than control group [4(1-7)] and chromatid breakage was commonest aberration seen. Chromosomal aberration was significantly higher in severe encephalopathy group than moderate encephalopathy group.Conclusion:We conclude that the TH significantly reduces DNA damage in perinatal asphyxia.
The impact of air pollutants on the biochemical characters of the selected plant species from industrial and urban areas was studied by calculating ascorbic acid, total chlorophyll, leaf extract pH and relative water content from leaf tissues. The air pollution tolerance index (APTI) values of the selected plants of different study areas revealed that the APTI values of the plants at the College Farm recorded low compared to Arcot and Ranipet transporation and industrial areas. Among the selected plant species, higher APTI values were recorded from the industrial and urban areas. when compared to areas free from industries and transport. The four selected plant species viz. Neerium oleander, Tamarindus indicus, Azardirecta indica and Pungamia pinnata, Neerium oleander recorded higher APTI values from the industrial and transportation that revealed more tolerance than the other selected plants.The statistical results revealed that Arcot was more polluted compared to Ranipet, and the college farm recorded least polluted due to less exposure to industries, transport and urbanization.
SUMMARY :Rice commends recognition, as a supreme commodity to mankind, because rice is truly life, culture, a tradition and a means of livelihood to millions.Major objectives are to analyse the socio economic impact of SRI and traditional rice cultivation and to estimate the cost and returns of paddy in SRI and their comparison with those in conventional methodin Vellore district of Tamil Nadu.Two major paddy growing blocks were selected. From each block, six major paddy growing villages was selected. Totally ten farmers were selected from each village comprising five farmers for SRI method and five farmers for traditional method of rice cultivation and the total sample size was 120.Descriptive statistical analysis, Garrett's Ranking Technique,etc was used the tools of analysis in research.About 55 per cent of the sample farmers had more than 20 years of experience in rice farming and only about 14 per cent of the sample farmers had less than 15 years of experience. The per hectare cost of cultivation (Rs.83,842.80) for SRI paddy was less when compared to that (Rs.87,742.88 ) of traditional paddy. The amount of fixed cost was Rs.8,868.90 and Rs.11,421.90 for traditional and SRI paddy farmers.The yield per hectare realized in traditional method was 6.07 tonnes. The paddy yield realized by SRI paddy farmers was 7 tonnes per hectare.High labour requirement was the major constraint in practicing SRI method.
Overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) is a chronic condition with a composite of symptoms and has a significant negative impact on the physiological and psychological well-being of the patients. The present study is aimed at developing extended-release formulations of oxybutynin that is effective in reducing the side effects associated with the drug by maintaining a steady state concentration with minimal fluctuations in plasma drug concentration and thereby achieves improved patient compliance. The extended-release drug delivery of tablets can be achieved by preparing the matrix tablet of oxybutynin chloride with klucel HF in core tablet by wet granulation technique and functional coating with a combination of aquacoat ECD-30 and hypromellose E5 followed by film coating with opadry. For confirmation of compatibility, the pure drug and its physical mixtures were subjected to FTIR studies. All the formulations have shown acceptable limits in all precompression and post compression parameters. The in vitro release studies in 0.1N HCl and 6.8 phosphate buffer revealed that the optimized formulation F10 extend the release of the drug to 91% at 24 hours and the release profile was similar to the innovator’s product as revealed by the similarity factor study. The release kinetics study revealed that the release of the drug followed diffusion mechanism. Stability studies of the selected formulation tablets were carried out at 25°C ±2°C/60% RH±5% and 40°C ±2°C /75%±5% RH for different time period and all the parameter was within the limits after storage period. Thus the extended release matrix tablets of oxybutynin chloride developed in this study have immense potential to develop into a marketed product following the testing in animals and human volunteers.
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