Two titania slags, rutile and synthetic rutile were chlorinated with petroleum coke and CO in a small bubbling fluidized bed reactor. The study aims to identify differences in chlorination mechanism, compare conversion rates, blowover and the chlorination of impurities for the various titania feedstocks at different temperatures.Chlorination rates were highest at 1000ºC; rutile chlorination significantly increases as temperature increases from 800ºC to 1000ºC. At 1000ºC, synthetic rutile had the highest chlorination conversion rate; this was followed by Slag B which in turn was more reactive than Slag A and rutile. The mechanism for slag, synthetic rutile (SR) and rutile chlorination differs. Synthetic rutile feed is porous, providing a larger surface area for the chlorination reaction, hence the highest conversion rates was attained. Titania slag becomes porous with the initial chlorination of FeO and MnO whilst rutile remains solid. As the porosity of slag particles increases so does its tendency to be elutriated. Ti 2 O 3 is oxidized within the early stages of chlorination during the chlorination of FeO and MnO. Ti 2 O 3 not oxidized is then rapidly chlorinated.
Sugarcane is a high bulk perishable low value density product and its transport is, therefore, a challenge and amounts to one of the largest cost components within sugar industries worldwide. Grab-loaders are generally versatile, mobile and are used in many parts of the world. Ideally a sugarcane loading operation should be cheap, fast, accurate, safe, effective and environmentally friendly. However, many of these ideal conditions tend to trade-off against each other. The aim of this short communication was to collate a code of practise with respect to sugarcane grab-loader operations and to explore the trade-offs between the various practises. Thirty guidelines were collated and were brought in context with each other in a TRIZ-type cross reference matrix approach.
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