The current reformulation of the Canadian legal definition of rape proposes that rape is an act of assault (i.e., motivated by aggression). Psychological literature has, until recently, considered rape a sex act and has assumed that the motivation of rapists is sexual in nature. This paper reviews the rape literature in terms of such "motivations," and an overview shows that the attribution of motives has resulted in unnecessary confusion and contradictions. Studies based on non-motivational premises (i.e., attitude studies) are also included, and these studies seem to avoid the confusion by classifying rapists according to their responses rather than their motivations.
Purpose -To develop customised machine vision methods for closed-loop micro-robotic control systems. The micro-robots have applications in areas that require micro-manipulation and micro-assembly in the micron and sub-micron range. Design/methodology/approach -Several novel techniques have been developed to perform calibration, object recognition and object tracking in real-time under a customised high-magnification camera system. These new methods combine statistical, neural and morphological approaches. Findings -An in-depth view of the machine vision sub-system that was designed for the European MiCRoN project (project no. IST-2001-33567) is provided. The issue of cooperation arises when several robots with a variety of on-board tools are placed in the working environment. By combining multiple vision methods, the information obtained can be used effectively to guide the robots in achieving the pre-planned tasks.Research limitations/implications -Some of these techniques were developed for micro-vision but could be extended to macro-vision. The techniques developed here are robust to noise and occlusion so they can be applied to a variety of macro-vision areas suffering from similar limitations. Practical implications -The work here will expand the use of micro-robots as tools to manipulate and assemble objects and devices in the micron range. It is foreseen that, as the requirement for micro-manufacturing increases, techniques like those developed in this paper will play an important role for industrial automation. Originality/value -This paper extends the use of machine vision methods into the micron range.
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