Background: LEN selectively inhibits the kinase activity of VEGFR1-3, FGFR1-4, KIT, PDGFRα, and RET, which are involved in tumor angiogenesis and proliferation in several cancer types. Currently, Phase 1b/2 clinical trials of the combination of LEN and pembrolizumab (a monoclonal antibody [mAb] that blocks the interaction between PD-1 and its ligands) are ongoing for selected types of cancer including melanoma and renal cancer. In order to understand the antitumor effect and mechanism of action of the combination of LEN and PD-1 blockade treatment, we analyzed immune response in syngeneic murine tumor models. Methods: We examined antitumor activity of combination treatment of LEN (10mg/ kg, qd) and anti-mouse PD-1 mAb (500 µg/mouse, twice weekly) against LL/2 murine lung carcinoma, H22 murine hepatocellular carcinoma, and CT26 murine colon cancer in syngeneic mouse models. For immune population analyses, tumor or spleen samples
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