Post-cesarean pain is a common cause of acute pain in obstetrics. There exists an inadequate relief from pain and satisfaction to the patient is still inadequate in many cases. The patients in this group are always healthy, young and active women and are eager to care for their infants. Early postpartum hours and days are important for the interaction between mothers and newborn and pain should not interfere with the mother's ability to nurse the baby. 1 Opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been traditionally used to provide effective postoperative analgesia. Opioids cause drowsiness that impairs mother from effectively interacting with the baby. NSAIDs given alone do not suffice to provide effective ABSTRACT Background: Post-cesarean pain is a common cause of acute pain in the obstetrics. Pain in the postoperative period is an important impediment to recovery from surgery and anesthesia. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of postoperative analgesia and incidence of side-effects of centrally acting drug tramadol with peripherally acting drug diclofenac alone and in combination in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Methods: The study population of 90 patients was randomly divided into three groups of 30 each to receive the following treatments: tramadol (Group T), diclofenac (Group D), tramadol and diclofenac at reduced doses (Group TD). Results: Combination of tramadol and diclofenac produced significantly early analgesia in comparison to tramadol or diclofenac alone and decrease in the incidence of side-effects. Conclusion: We conclude that a multimodal approach to post-cesarean management with a combination of tramadol and diclofenac produced better analgesia than individual drugs and a reduction in the side-effects. Such a combination approach to relieve pain is more effective and advantageous.

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Seaweeds (Marine macroalgae) area large group of marine organisms containing important phytochemical constituents with various biologicalactivities .They are potentially prolific sources of highly bioactivese condary metabolites, which manifest many of the rapeutic effects like anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activities. Seaweeds are used by many Asian cultures fortraditional medicine preparations. The Caulerpapeltata was collected from Rameshwaram coastal area it was shadedried, madein to powder using standardized procedure to get Caulerpapeltata Methanolic Extract (CPME). The phytochemicals and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was done on prepared CPME for identifying the bioactive compounds Phytochemical in vestigation suggests that the Caulerpapeltata exhibited the presence of phytochemicals like Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, Phytosterols, Saponins and Diterpenes,which may contribute to its biological activities. GC-MS analysis showed 28 variety of compounds,among which Dibutylphthalate, n-hexadecanoic acid, and1,2–Benzenedic arboxylic acid was found in high percentage. The phytochemical studies and the compounds available in GC–MS showed that the Caulerpapeltata contain important bio active compounds,which may have anti-microbial,anti-fungal and anti-canceractivity. Further research is needed for finding its use in development of new pharmaceutical agent and its safe consumption by human for various health benefits.

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BACKGROUNDEvidence-based pharmacological treatment is inadequate among neonates due to difficulties in performing clinical trials. Also, medication errors in neonates are frequent because of their unique pharmacokinetics. The aim of this study was to analyse the pattern of disease and prescription pattern using applicable WHO indicators in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a tertiarycare hospital. METHODSPrescriptions of neonates admitted to NICU over a period of 4 months were studied prospectively. Rational drug use, drug interactions, off label use and adverse effects were taken into consideration. Drug prescription parameters were analysed in relation to birth weight, gestational age at birth and co-morbid conditions. RESULTSPrescriptions of 622 neonates were analysed. The total number of drugs prescribed was 2352. The average number of drugs per prescription was 4.9. Respiratory distress and neonatal jaundice were the most common causes for admission. 79.7% of the drugs were prescribed with generic name. 52% of the total drugs prescribed were antimicrobials.