The application of inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) to the analysis of soil and biological materials was reviewed in 1982 for this book series (Soltanpour et aI., 1982). Over the last 14 yr many studies in soil science have incorporated data obtained on ICP-AES instrumentation, and many advances in the ICP-AES field have been made. In addition, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has become commercially available. The purpose of this chapter is to review basic ICP principles; highlight some of the applications of ICP-AES in the study of soils; and present an overview of some of the instrumental features, capabilities, and limitations of the ICP-MS for application to soil science work. Relatively new developments in ICP-AES include: suspension nebulization analysis of clays (Laird et aI., 1991); interfacing ICP spectrometers with flow injection analyzers for automatic dilution, calibration, separation, concentration, standard additions and many other operations (Greenfield, 1983; LaFemiere et aI., 1985); interfacing ICP-AES with liquid chromatographs for concentration and speciation of elements (Roychowdhury & Koropchack, 1990); high salt neulizers to prevent clogging of nebulizers (Legere & Burgener, 1985); successful use of concentration and elimination or reduction of spectral interference techniques such as chelation/solvent extraction (Huang & Wai, 1986;
This study was carried out to determine if ammonium bicarbonate-DTPA soil test (AB-DTPA) of Soltanpour and Schwab for simultaneous extraction of P, K, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn can be used to determine the availability index for Se. Five Mollisols from North Dakota were treated with sodium selenate and were subjected to several wetting and drying cycles. These soils were extracted with hot water and with ammonium bicarbonate-DTPA (AB-DTPA) solution for Se analysis.Alfalfa plants were grown in these soils in a growth chamber to determine plant uptake of Se. In addition to the above experiment, coal mine soil and overburden materials from Western Colorado were extracted and analyzed as mentioned above. It was found that hot water and AB-DTPA extracted approximately equal amounts of Se from Mollisols. A high degree of correlation (r =0.96) was found between Se uptake by plants and AB-DTPA extract-1147 1148 SOLTANPOUR AND WORKMAN able Se. Extractable level of Se in treated soils was decreased with time due to change of selenate to less soluble Se forms and plant uptake of Se. An AB-DTPA extractable Se level of over 100 ppb produced alfalfa plants containing 5 ppm or higher levels of Se that can be considered toxic to animals. Soils with about 2000 ppb of extractable Se were highly toxic to alfalfa plants and resulted in plant concentrations of over 1000 ppm of Se. The high rate of selenate (4ppm Se) was less toxic to alfalfa plants in soils of high organic matter content. This lower toxicity was accompanied with lower extractable levels of Se.The AB-DTPA solution extracted on the average about 31% more Se than hot water from the mine and overburden samples and was highly correlated with the latter (r =0.92).The results indicated the presence of bicarbonate-exchangeable Se in these materials.
Twenty‐six soils were extracted with 1M NH4HCO3‐. 0.005M DTPA solution (Soltanpour and Schwab, 1977). Inductively‐coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES) was used to simultaneously determine P, K, Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn in the extracts. These analytical results were compared with those obtained with a colorimetric method for P and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) for the cations. It was necessary to change the carbonate‐bicarbonate matrix (1M) to a more soluble matrix in order to prevent formation of crystals and clogging at the capillary tip. This was achieved by a 1:5 dilution with 0.5N HNO3 followed by shaking for 10 min. Results from the ICP‐OES and the flame AAS methods were comparable. Analysis of P by ICP‐OES gave larger values than analysis by a colorimetric method due to presence of organic P in the extracts.
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