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With the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT), billions of wireless devices, including sensors and wearable devices, are evolving under the IoT technology. The limited battery life of the sensor nodes remains a crucial implementation challenge to enable such a revolution, primarily because traditional battery replacement requires enormous human effort. Wirelessly powered sensor networks (WPSNs), which would eliminate the need for regular battery replacement and improve the overall lifetime of sensor nodes, are the most promising solution to efficiently address the limited battery life of the sensor nodes. In this study, an in-depth survey is conducted on the wireless power transfer (WPT) techniques through which sensor devices can harvest energy to avoid frequent node failures. Following a general overview of WPSNs, three wireless power transfer models are demonstrated, and their respective enabling techniques are discussed in light of the existing literature. Moreover, the existing WPT techniques are comprehensively reviewed in terms of critical design parameters and performance factors. Subsequently, crucial key performance-enhancing techniques for WPT in WPSNs are discussed. Finally, several challenges and future directions are presented for motivating further research on WPSNs.

Recently, owing to the high mobility and low cost of drones, drone-based delivery systems have shown considerable potential for ensuring flexible and reliable parcel delivery. Several crucial design issues must be considered to design such systems, including route planning, payload weight consideration, distance measurement, and customer location. In this paper, we present a survey of emerging drone routing algorithms for drone-based delivery systems, emphasizing three major drone routing aspects: trajectory planning, charging, and security. We focus on practical design considerations to ensure efficient, flexible, and reliable parcel delivery. We first discuss the potential issues arising when designing such systems. Next, we present a novel taxonomy based on the above-mentioned three aspects. We extensively review each algorithm for drone routing in terms of key features and operational characteristics. Furthermore, we compare the algorithms in terms of their main idea, advantages, limitations, and performance aspects. Finally, we present open research challenges to motivate further research in this field. In particular, we focus on the major aspects that researchers and engineers need to consider in order to design effective and reliable drone routing algorithms for drone-based delivery systems.

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