Safflower is known to be attacked by several seedborne fungi, of which Macrophomina phaseolina is one of the most important pathogens causing serious yield losses. During routine experiments, a new stem-split symptom was observed in M. phaseolina-infected plants resulting in poor growth and reduced size of inflorescences. Stem-split was observed in 30-day-old plants as minute cracks approximately 2-3 cm above the soil surface, which over time extended to both upward and downward directions, resulting in the formation of a wider split. The split portion was hollow and brown with a white to grey mycelial mat of the fungus on the inner surface. Such plants became lodged, ultimately resulting in poor seed yield compared with healthy plants. The stem-split plants showed delayed flowering by 1 week over healthy plants. One of the three M. phaseolina isolates used for inoculation of seeds and plants was more aggressive but all isolates were able to reproduce the stem-split symptoms found on naturally infected safflower plants in the field.
Studies have been undertaken to investigate, the effect of impeller number and its position upon the growth yield of Bordetella pertussis strain 509 during large scale batch cultivation. It was shown that, the maximum growth yield opacity was found to be 70 IOU mLG 1 at 48 h cultivation in single impeller fixed at the bottom position of fermentor vessel. Whereas the optimal and moderate culture opacity 60 and 50 IOU mLG 1 was observed during the two impellers mounted at two different positions on the shaft. Similarly the least growth yield was obtained during three impeller located at top, middle and bottom region of the shaft and the final opacity was found to be 30 IOU mLG 1 at the end of 48 h cultivation with an increasing of culture pH 8.02. However, in two impeller combination experimental study also showed moderate growth yield at 48 h could give to homogenized mixing and good aeration. Thus, the two different location of the impeller combination influences two vortex flows, enhances optimal growth rate, viz; the lower impeller act as gas disperser and creates radial velocity with higher rates of air dispersion, whereas the upper impeller pumps the broth towards down thus the combined agitation of the broth leads to good mixing and even transfer of Dissolved Oxygen (DO 2) to the growing cells and found moderate bacterial growth. In the combination of three impellers mounted at three different positions experimental study shown that, lesser growth yield at the end of 48 h cultivation, due to higher forth accumulation.
Background: The use of chemical fertilizers to solve the problem of nutrient deficiency in soil has been associated with a number of environmental problems.Objective: The aim of this study was to perform an isolation and screening of native phosphofungi from mine soil. To evaluate the effect of phosphofungi on seed germination and seedling vigour index of Ground nut and Green gram.Materials and Methods: The phosphofungi were screened using Pikovskaya’s agar medium with tricalcium phosphate (Ca3 (PO4)2) as the phosphorus source. The soluble phosphorus, Phosphate solubilizing activity, titrable acidity, pH and fungal biomass were determined. Mineral phosphate solubilizing (MPS) activities of fungal isolates were tested in tricalcium phosphate medium.Results: Five promising phosphate solubilizing fungal species were screened. Aspergillus niger (13±1.0 mm) and Aspergillus flavus (8±0.6mm) showed the more phosphate solubilising index than compared to other fungal isolates. Analyzing the possible phosphorus released, from 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th day of incubation. Antagonistic effect of phosphofungi Aspergillus flavus (65±11 mm) and Aspergillus niger (60±13 mm) showed more effective against Colletotrichum sp. than compared to other fungal isolates. Aspergillus flavus (745±20µg/ml) and Penicillium spinulosum (600±20 µg/ml) showed maximum phosphate solubilizing activity on 3rd and 12th day of incubation. Fusarium redolens showed the more effectiveness on seed germination and seedling vigour than compared to other fungal isolates. Aspergillus flavus showed positive result for the production of Indole 3 acetic acid and remain four fungal strains are negative result.Conclusion: Biofertilizers from native phosphofungi could be used alongside reduced levels of inorganic fertilizers to enhance soil available Phosphorous.
Botanical biopesticides are alternative to hazardous synthetic insecticides. In the present study neem oil based nanoemulsion was synthesized using neem oil and tween 80. The particle size was estimated as 159.2 nm. The emulsion was characterized using particle size analyzer and TEM to confirm the formation of nano emulsion of neem oil. Trichogramma chilonis (Ishii) is an effective egg parasitoid of lepidopterous pests. It controls pests in eggs stage prior to its damaging to crops. The parasitoid is vulnerable to insecticides or oil sprays applied to the crops. The present study revealed the effects of neem nanoemulsion with T. chilonis under the controlled laboratory conditions.
Objectives: The objective of the present study to test the angiospermic epiphytes such as Bulbophyllum propinquum and Dendrophthoe falcata for their effect against some pathogenic fungi of sorghum, paddy and chilli, through seed treatment and foliar spray in challenging with the infectivity of the pathogens.
Methods: The plant extracts were carried out by the Soxhlet extraction method and culture of pathogenic fungi were cultured and maintained in vitro for further use. The peroxidase (POX) enzyme activity in the seedlings was measured spectrophotometrically at 300 nm and expressed as Δ optical density 300 nm/min/mg protein.
Results: The results of this study indicated 92 and 98% seed germination in the control samples, respectively. In the chilli and paddy which were reduced to 64 and 58% in seedlings inoculated with Colletotrichum dematium, Drechslera oryzae, correspondingly. Similar observation was made in sorghum samples on treatment with Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum, whose germination was drastically reduced to 74 and 69% compared to control (92%). In all the cases, seed treated with epiphytes extracts indicated the stimulated germination over pathogen inoculated samples. In parallel to this, the peroxidase assay also indicated its diminished/reduced activity in pathogen treated seedlings of the selected crop species. Seedlings of epiphytes extract treatment challenged with respective pathogens showed an increased activity over only pathogen treated samples.
Conclusion: The results clearly indicated the influence of POX in early growing stages of the seedlings corresponds to 12–72 h of incubation in spite of pathogenic activity. Thus, it proved the loss of enzyme activity seedlings on pathogen infection. Contrastingly, POX activity in the seedlings irrespective of the crop species remained high during the early growth stages of the seedlings.
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