Background and Objectives With a prevalence of approximately 71 million infected individuals globally, chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the major causes of chronic hepatitis leading to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This review aimed to summarize the general history of HCV and provide a perspective on future journey of HCV. Materials and Methods We searched for articles published in periodicals, monographs and edited books with the key words including ‘non‐A, non‐B hepatitis’, ‘HCV’, ‘interferon’ and ‘direct‐antiviral agents (DAAs)’. And the data emphasized HCV emergence, identification, treatment, epidemiology as well as the cellular and animal models leading to the eradication of HCV infections, were summarized. Results and Conclusion The battle against hepatitis C is destined to be recorded in history as one of science's remarkable success. Although the revolutionary direct‐antiviral agents (DAAs) are able to cure more than 95% of HCV patients, access to diagnosis and therapy remains improved. More efforts should be made to promote HCV screening, treatment delivery and vaccine development.
Background: Bullous pemhpigoid (BP) is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by typical antibodies targeted to base membrane zone. It is reported that the CD4+ T-follicular helper (Tfh) cell and IL-21 which was secreted by Tfh cells has an important role in assisting B cells secreting antibodies that is crucial for autoimmune diseases. S6K is an actor of AKT-mToRC1 pathway that is reported essential for the Tfh cell differentiation. Objective: To explore the potential pathophysiological role of Tfh cells or its subsets in bullous pemphigoid through the evaluation of serum IL-21 levels, Bullous Pemphigoid Disease Aera Index, anti-BP180-NC16A IgG antibody and S6K. Method: A total of 13 BP patients and 7 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. The frequency of circulating Tfh cells and its subtypes, the S6K pathway, serum levels of IL-21 and anti-BP180-NC16A IgG antibody were detected. Results: Tfh2 cell increased (BP 59.68%, controls 46.47%) and Tfh1 cells decreased (BP 29.75%, controls 41.61%) in BP cases compared to those in healthy controls. The IL-21 levels in BP patients were lower than those in healthy controls without statistical significance and IL-21 further decreased as illness progressed and conversely, increased in remission. IL-21 exhibited positive correlation with Tfh17, Tfh cells, Tfh1, and negative correlation with Tfh2 cells. Tfh1 cells showed positive correlation with p-S6, while Tfh2 cells were negatively correlated with p-S6. Conclusion: Tfh2 cells might promote the autoantibody-related immune response in BP. But Tfh2's promoting effect may not be related to IL-21 and the mTORC1/S6K pathway.Adaptive and Auto-Immunity | ABSTRACTS www.jidonline.org S19
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