Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multiorgan autoimmune disease of unknown etiology with many clinical manifestations. The skin is one of the target organs most variably affected by the disease. The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) established 11 criteria as a classificatory instrument to operationalise the definition of SLE in clinical trials. They were not intended to be used to diagnose individuals and do not do well in that capacity. Cutaneous lesions account for four of these 11 revised criteria of SLE. Skin lesions in patients with lupus may be specific or nonspecific. This paper covers the SLE-specific cutaneous changes: malar rash, discoid rash, photosensitivity, and oral mucosal lesions as well as SLE nonspecific skin manifestations, their pathophysiology, and management. A deeper thorough understanding of the cutaneous manifestations of SLE is essential for diagnosis, prognosis, and efficient management. Thus, dermatologists should cooperate with other specialties to provide optimal care of SLE patient.
<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Cutaneous tuberculosis is a rare manifestation of tuberculosis accounting for about 1.5% of all the extra pulmonary manifestations, though the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis is high in India. The aim of the study was to prospectively analyze the various clinical presentations of cutaneous TB and their age and sex distribution among the OPD attending patients over a period of one year.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> Prospective study, conducted during July 2016 to June 2017. Clinically suspected cases of cutaneous tuberculosis were subjected to lesional biopsy and the results obtained were analyzed.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Out of 36 clinically suspected cases, 24 turned out to be cutaneous tuberculosis and apart from these, 5 cases were referred from other departments as cutaneous tuberculosis. The predominant presentation was lupus vulgaris in 12 patients, followed by tuberculous verrucosa cutis in 8 cases, tuberculous ulcers in 3 cases and the remaining 2 cases were erythema induratum of Bazin. Among them, 13 were men accounting to about 52% and 7 were children which accounted for 28% and the remaining 5 were women which added to 20%.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Though the cutaneous manifestations of tuberculosis is very rare, the recent years have shown a rising incidence especially among children and therefore requires a high index of suspicion in them since India has very high prevalence of tuberculosis as such.</p>
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