There is no short-term clinical benefit of intrapleural streptokinase in paediatric empyema; this therapy may be reserved for those with stage 7 empyema to prevent pleural thickening in the long term.

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We report the ultrasound, excretory urography and MR findings in a young child with renal lymphangiomatosis who presented with gradually progressive bilateral flank swelling but who was otherwise asymptomatic. The typical perirenal and parapelvic cysts are visualized as hypoechoic lesions on sonography and hyperintense on T2-weighted HASTE images. T1-weighted image could not delineate the cysts clearly. The renal parenchyma was hyperechoic on sonography, and MRI showed reversal of the normal corticomedullary signal intensity, and confirmed the diagnosis by suggesting the non-parenchymal origin of the cysts.

This prospective study was performed to assess the predictive ability of the various indicators of common bile duct (CBD) calculi, individually or in combination, by analyzing 88 patients with gallstone disease. The patients were classified into two groups according to the presence of 10 predefined criteria. Of 53 patients with one or more risk factors (group 2), 26 harbored CBD calculi; none of 35 patients with no risk factors (group 1) had CBD stones. Jaundice correlated best, with a sensitivity of 69%; and pancreatitis had the lowest sensitivity (12%). Elevated serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels correlated better than liver enzymes and serum amylase. The sensitivity and negative predictive value of cholescintigraphy scanning for diagnosing CBD calculi were better than those of ultrasonography, the sensitivity being 84% versus 50% and the negative predictive value 95% versus 82%. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography was successful in 94% of the patients, and CBD calculi were diagnosed in 74%. Moreover, peroperative cholangiography was 100% sensitive with no false-positive results. Ultimately, a palpable stone at surgery was the best predictor. When all the criteria were analyzed, it was found that as the number of criteria increased so did the percentage of patients harboring CBD calculi.

The objective is to study the role of power Doppler sonography (PDS) in assessment of therapeutic response in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) of knee joint. Thirty patients (age range 3-11 years) of JRA with knee joint involvement were selected for this study. Clinical assessment and ultrasound was done on the same day and repeated at the end of second and sixth month of therapy. All patients received naproxen (15-20 mg/kg/day) for a period of 6 months. Total clinical score (TCS) was calculated as sum of scores of pain, articular swelling and functional impairment. PDS was performed and degree of vascularity was assessed and graded. Total USG score was obtained by adding sum of scores of synovial effusion, synovial thickening and PDS. Results were compared between the total clinical score and the total ultrasound score and between clinical groups at baseline, end of second month and end of sixth month. There were statistically significant differences between clinical and ultrasound indices and confirmed that PDS is more sensitive in detection and follow-up of clinically silent cases of JRA. PDS holds great promise for detection of active synovial inflammatory disease in sub-clinical cases of JRA and is useful in objective assessment of therapeutic response.

USG of knee is more sensitive than clinical assessment in detection of synovial effusion and thickening and plays a useful role in monitoring evolution of the inflammatory process, its quantification and for follow up.

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