The objectives of this experiment was to evaluate the subsequent growth and organ weights, blood profiles and cecal microbiota of broiler chicks fed pre-starter diets containing fermented soybean meal products during early phase. A total of nine hundred 1-d-old chicks were randomly assigned into six groups with six replicates of 25 chicks each. The chicks were fed control pre-starter diet with dehulled soybean meal (SBM) or one of five experimental diets containing fermented SBM products (Bacillus fermented SBM [BF-SBM], yeast by product and Bacillus fermented SBM [YBF-SBM]; Lactobacillus fermented SBM 1 [LF-SBM 1]; Lactobacillus fermented SBM 2 [LF-SBM 2]) or soy protein concentrate (SPC) for 7 d after hatching, followed by 4 wk feeding of commercial diets without fermented SBMs or SPC. The fermented SBMs and SPC were substituted at the expense of dehulled SBM at 3% level on fresh weight basis. The body weight (BW) during the starter period was not affected by dietary treatments, but BW at 14 d onwards was significantly higher (p<0.05) in chicks that had been fed BF-SBM and YBF-SBM during the early phase compared with the control group. The feed intake during grower and finisher phases was not affected (p>0.05) by dietary treatments. During total rearing period, the daily weight gains in six groups were 52.0 (control), 57.7 (BF-SBM), 58.5 (YBF-SBM), 52.0 (LF-SBM 1), 56.7 (LF-SBM 2), and 53.3 g/d (SPC), respectively. The daily weight gain in chicks fed diet containing BF-SBM, YBF-SBM, and LF-SBM 2 were significantly higher values (p<0.001) than that of the control group. Chicks fed BF-SBM, YBF-SBM, and LF-SBM 2 had significantly lower (p<0.01) feed conversion ratio compared with the control group. There were no significant differences in the relative weight of various organs and blood profiles among groups. Cecal microbiota was altered by dietary treatments. At 35 d, chicks fed on the pre-starter diets containing BF-SBM and YBF-SBM had significantly increased (p<0.001) lactic acid bacteria, but lowered Coli-form bacteria in cecal contents compared with those fed the control diet. The number of Bacillus spp. was higher (p<0.001) in all groups except for LF-SBM 1 compared with control diet-fed chicks. At 7 d, jejunal villi were significantly lengthened (p<0.001) in chicks fed the fermented SBMs vs control diet. Collectively, the results indicate that feeding of fermented SBMs during early phase are beneficial to the subsequent growth performance in broiler chicks. BF-SBM and YBF-SBM showed superior overall growth performance as compared with unfermented SBM and SPC.

The developed method is simple to detect both arbutin and hydroquinone simultaneously in cosmetic products, at an adequate level of sensitivity. Notably, temperature and pH did not influence the decomposition of arbutin to hydroquinone in a 2% arbutin cream.

The creation of the accurate transparent flow passage is essential to analyze the flow inward a geometrically complex flow passage like human airway by PIV. We established the procedure to create a transparent box containing a model of the human airway for PIV measurements. A flow passage includes the whole human upper airway, nasal cavities, larynx, trachea, and 2 generations of bronchi. The phase averaged mean and RMS velocity distributions in sagittal and coronal planes are obtained for 7 phases in a respiratory period by tomographic PIV. Some physiologic conjectures are obtained. The main stream went through the backside of larynx and trachea in inspiration and the frontal side in expiration.

The hydrodynamic forces resulting from small-amplitude harmonic oscillations of arbitrarily shaped cylinders are considered both experimentally and theoretically. The fluid is assumed to be initially at rest. The theoretical model assumes a laminar, nonseparating flow, where the in-line force has two components, one due to normal pressure stresses and one due to skin friction. In the limit of zero amplitude oscillations, comparisons between theory and experiment demonstrate that the nonseparating theoretical model captures the essential behavior of real fluid hydrodynamics. This is valid for a variety of shapes including sharp-edged bodies such as squares. Through model testing, it is possible to estimate an "effective eddy viscosity" which can then be used in conjunction with the theoretical laminar flow model to give empirical drag coefficients.

Understanding of airflow characteristics in nasal cavity is closely related with the physiological functions, like air-conditioning and smelling, and pathological aspects in nasal breathing. Several studies have utilized physical models of the healthy nasal cavity to investigate the relationship between nasal anatomy and airflow. The next step on this topic is naturally studies for disordered nasal airways and this is the main purpose of this article. Airflows in the pathological nasal airways, including nasal cavity and upper pharynx, of Korean adults are investigated experimentally by PIV measurement technique and air resistance measurements. Quantitative data for normal and pathological nasal airway are obtained. Average and RMS velocity distributions are obtained for inspirational and expirational nasal airflows. The CBC PIV algorithm with window offset is used for PIV flow analysis. PIV measurements of nasal airflow for nasal cavities with 50% and 70% adenoid vegetation are conducted for the first time. The asymmetric nasal cavities, due to either congenital deformity or injury, are also investigated. Comparisons in nasal airflows for both normal and abnormal cases are also appreciated and airflow characteristics that are related with the abnormalities in nasal cavity are proposed.