As the chemical industry has developed, the use of toxic substances has increased, and leakage accidents have increased. Among various substances, hydrogen fluoride (HF) and ammonia (NH3) are representative materials for the study since both are hazardous and important in the chemical industry. HF is a strong, pervious substance that is a stimulates on the body, respiratory system, and skin. HF is widely used in electronics manufacturing as a polisher and disinfectant. Since an HF release accident occurred in Gumi, S. Korea (2012) the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA) has emphasized that special attention and management is needed with respect to this toxic substance. NH3 is widely used in the semiconductor industry and chemical processes. There have been about 20 large accidents regarding NH3 around the world in last 10 years.In this study, ANSYS Fluent, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program, was used to identify the effect of a water curtain as a mitigation system for toxic substances that are leaked from industrial facilities. Simulations were conducted to analyze how effectively a water curtain mitigated the dispersion of toxic substances. To verify the accuracy of the simulation, Goldfish experiment and INERIS Ammonia dispersion experiment were simulated and compared. Various water curtains were applied to the simulated field experiment to confirm the mitigation factors of toxic substances. The results show that the simulations and experiments are consistent and that the dispersion of toxic substances can be mitigated by water curtains.
A discrete element model for coal which combines simple mechanisms of matrix deformation and discrete fracture network fluid flow has been applied to investigate stress-induced permeability alteration and stress change around a wellbore during a step rate injection test. The model demonstrated that the dominant physical processes at a relevant length scale can be simulated. Introduction To a much greater degree than in conventional reservoirs, coalbed methane reservoirs have inherent fracture systems which play a key role in controlling fluid transport properties. Coal seams normally contain pervasive natural fractures known as cleats. These are vertical fractures which generally form orthogonal sets. Face cleats tend to be continuous and are often assumed to be oriented along the direction of maximum horizontal stress. The orthogonal butt cleats are generally less well developed. Superimposed on the cleat system may be other systematic or Individual fractures at length scales smaller and larger than the cleat system. As all the fractures normally have much higher hydraulic conductivities than the coal matrix, they play a dominant role in the apparent transport properties of the coal. ft will be demonstrated in this paper that the structural features can also have strong influences on the stress field within the coal as a result of fluid injection. These in turn can affect the permeability of the coal through mechanical-fluid flow interaction. An understanding of the interaction between coal structures, field stress and fluid transport properties, is important for seam gas exploration and recovery strategies, including stimulation methods. Specifically, it is important in the interpretation of well pressure transient tests used for characterisation of coalbed methane reservoirs. The paper illustrates these interactions by the application of explicit fracture network flow models, with fluid flow-mechanical coupling. to analysis of step rate tests in a coal seam. IN SITU STRESS IN COAL Studies of the in situ stress environment in Australian coalfields have implied a relationship between stress regimes, structural features at a range of scales, and coal seam permeability, (Enever et al., 1990; Enever et al., 1994). P. 383^
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