SUMMARYRabbits were inoculated in the left cornea with one of three strains of herpes simplex virus (HSV) i.e. HSV-1 strain 17, HSV-1 strain McKrae, HSV-2 strain HG52, or with an HSV-1 McKrae/HSV-2 HG52 recombinant R40/2. Fifty-nine to 67 days after inoculation trigeminal ganglia and corneas were explanted and screened for release of infectious virus. Virus was isolated from all left trigeminal ganglia after organ culture irrespective of viral strain. Virus was isolated from three of 16 corneas of animals inoculated with HSV-1 strain McKrae and from one of four corneas from animals inoculated with the HSV-1/HSV-2 recombinant. The isolation of HSV from explanted corneas, after between 15 and 35 days in organ culture suggests that the cornea may be a site additional to dorsal root ganglia where latent HSV can reside in rabbits.
In this current review, research spanning the last decade (such as transcriptomic studies, phenotypic observations, and confirmed comorbidities) has been synthesized into an updated etiology of hair loss and applied to the new cosmeceutical paradigm of hair rejuvenation. The major etiological components in scalps with hair loss are denoted as the ‘big eight strikes’, which include the following: androgens, prostaglandins, overactive aerobic metabolism of glucose, bacterial or fungal over-colonization, inflammation, fibrosis, metabolism or circulation problems, and malnutrition. The relevance of the ‘big eight’ to nine categories of hair loss is explained. In cases of androgenetic alopecia or female pattern hair loss, both elevated DHT and increased frequency of androgen receptors lead to problems with the metabolism of glucose (sugar), redox imbalance, disruption to the electron transport chain, and PPAR-γ overactivity (the latter is unique to androgenetic alopecia, where the reverse occurs in other types of hair loss). These etiological factors and others from ‘the big eight’ are the focal point of our hypothetical narrative of the attenuative mechanisms of commercial cosmeceutical hair serums. We conclude that cosmeceuticals with the potential to improve all eight strikes (according to published in vitro or clinical data) utilize bioactive peptides and plant compounds that are either flavonoids (isoflavones, procyanidins, flavanols, and flavonols) or sterols/triterpenes. It is noteworthy that many therapeutic interventions are generic to the multiple types of hair loss. Lastly, suggestions are made on how scalp and hair health can be improved by following the cosmeceutical approach.
To identify viral genes involved in reactivation of herpes simplex virus from latency, intertypic HSV-1 strain McKrae/HSV-2 strain HG 52 recombinants were selected following cotransfection of intact McKrae DNA and XbaI or HpaI cleaved HG 52 DNA. Eleven separately obtained recombinants containing HG 52 inserts between 0.35-0.56 and/or 0.82-1.0 map units (mu) were isolated. It was noted that with HpaI digested HG 52 DNA, only recombinants containing type 2 inserts from HpaI d (0.35-0.57) and/or containing an intact type 2 [S] region were isolated. Similarly with XbaI cleaved HG 52 DNA only recombinants containing type 2 sequences from XbaI c (0-0.45) were isolated. In effect, the type 2 insert always contained one or both origins of replication (ORIL/ORIS). In reciprocal experiments isolation of two recombinants from cotransfection of HpaI cleaved McKrae DNA with intact HG 52 DNA confirmed this finding; one contained both copies of ORIS and the intervening short region sequences of McKrae, the other contained approximately 3 kb of McKrae in which ORIL is located. These results indicate that either (a) the presence of an origin of replication in a RE fragment amplifies the fragment thereby increasing its concentration and hence recombination potential with intact genomes; and/or (b) recombination and replication may be correlated. In either case isolation of recombinants containing ORIL and ORIS from the restricted DNA parent strongly suggests that both origins are functional in vitro.
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