Halitosis is caused by oral bacteria including Streptococcus sanguinis in mouth producing
volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs), such as hydrogen sulfide, ethyl mercaptan, and
methyl mercaptan which have pungent odor. Bacteria producing sulphur compounds
produce oral biofilms as the accumulation of caries promotion. Caries is caused by the
acid produced by oral bacteria that lead to tooth demineralization in low pH condition.
Clove bud (Syzygium aromaticum), known as endogenous spice in Indonesia, has been
traditionally used for centuries for treatment of periondal diseases. In this study, we
extracted essential oil from Syzygium aromaticum (SAEO), identifed for its major
essential oils by pyrolysis gas chromatograpy mass spectrometry (py-GC/MS), determined
its antihalitosis efficacy on preventing and eradicating S. sanguinis oral biofilms,
inhibiting VSCs and acid production in vitro. Chromatogram profile showed that SAEO
contained major eugenol (22.10%) and aceteugenol (13.31%). For antibiofilm effect
toward oral bacteria S. sanguinis, SAEO at 40 and 60 μg/mL effectively prevented biofilm
formation up to 60% and removed the existed biofilms up to 50%. SAEO at 60 μg/mL
also demonstrated a significant inhibition on VSCs production (up to 58%) and acid
produced by S. sanguinis by increasing the terminal pH from 5.66 to 6.30. These data
suggest that SAEO could be applied for a promising candidate for developing oral care
functional products for management of halitosis.
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