The aim of this study was to estimate the antimicrobial use pattern against various clinical conditions under organized and unorganized dairy production conditions in selected areas of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Four organized dairy farms and one veterinary teaching hospital were surveyed covering Krishnagiri and Kolar districts of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka (India), respectively. The data were collected from practicing veterinarians (104) through questionnaires and in farms through treatment records. Milk samples (100) were also qualitatively screened for antibiotic residues in these farms. Mastitis and other udder health related problems were the most common (34%) followed by gastro intestinal tract (GIT) (20%) and postpartum uterine infections (PUI: 20%) in organized dairy farms. Overall, penicillins and its combinations (40%) and tetracyclines (33%) group of antibiotics were mostly used for treatment of above clinical conditions. About 13% of the milk samples were qualitatively positive for antibiotic residues in organized farms. Veterinarians rated mastitis (22%) followed by PUI (15%), respiratory disorders (14%) and GIT problems (12%) as the most common reasons for administrating antibiotics in field conditions, based on Garrett's ranking method. Penicillins, cephalosporins and tetracycline (36%) group of antibiotics were the most commonly prescribed for all clinical conditions. In the case of clinical mastitis, 20% veterinarians preferred cephalosporins group followed by penicillins and its combination (18%). It is concluded that mastitis is the most common reason for antibiotic usage in dairy animals and thus, an effective mastitis management programs are required to reduce the antimicrobial consumption.
Background: Sexual behaviour is an intricate process, controlled by the endocrine constitution of an animal and influenced by the social environment, sensory capability and sexual stimuli. Variations in temperature associated with global warming are startling for fertility of animals. The objective of the present study was to assess the seasonal variation in sexual behaviour of Deoni (Bos indicus) breeding bulls. Methods: A total of six mature Deoni bulls, maintained for artificial insemination at Livestock Research Center, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-NDRI, Bengaluru, were monitored for sexual behavior during the semen collection at weekly intervals throughout the year using standard techniques. The period of study was divided into three seasons i.e., winter (November to February), summer (March to June) and rainy (July to October). Result: The season had a non-significant (P greater than 0.05) effect on sexual behavior except dismounting time in Deoni bulls. The libido score (0-10), reaction time (seconds) and the total time taken in mounting (seconds) were non-significantly (P greater than 0.05) higher during winter (7.50±0.23, 42.00±4.8, 44.00±4.8, respectively) as compared to the other seasons. The protrusion score (0-4) and the intensity of thrust (0-4) were non-significantly (P greater than 0.05) higher during summer (2.60±0.14 and 2.50±0.13) as compared to the other seasons. The dismounting time (seconds) was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher during summer (2.90±0.16) as compared to the other seasons. It can be concluded that Deoni bulls had good sexual behavior throughout the year, however, bulls showed better sexual behavior except for dismounting time during winter as compared to the other seasons.
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