The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of diets containing Lactobacillus plantarum CJLP243 on the growth and cytokine response of weaning pigs (Sus scrofa) challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). In a 28-d experiment (14 d before and 14 d after challenge), a total of 108 pigs at 20 ± 1 d of age were allotted to 1 of 6 diets. These were a control diet without ETEC challenge (CON) and 5 treatment diets with ETEC challenge, including a control diet with ETEC challenge (negative control, NC); a positive control diet containing antibiotics (PC); control diet plus (10(8), 10(9), or 10(10)) cfu/kg L. plantarum CJLP243 (T1, T2, and T3, respectively). After challenge, NC showed the least ADFI, whereas PC and T3 had the greatest ADFI (P = 0.002). The ADG of PC, T2, and T3 were greater (P = 0.001) than that of CON, NC, and T1 during wk 1 to wk 2. During wk 3 to wk 4, a marked decline was seen in NC (P = 0.001) compared with CON, whereas PC and T3 showed increased ADG (P = 0.001). The overall ADG of PC and T3 were greater (P < 0.001) than the remaining groups. The PC and T3 had the greatest G:F during the second 2 wk (P = 0.002), and the overall 4-wk experimental period (P = 0.003). At 3 h after challenge, all groups except CON had greater rectal temperatures (RT; P < 0.05). The RT decreased to prechallenge temperatures at 9 h (PC and T3), 24 h (T1 and T2), and remained increased until d 7 in NC. At 7 and 14 d postinfection, the number of animals detected positive for ETEC by PCR assay was the greatest in NC; however, the PC group had the fewest ETEC-positive animals (P < 0.05), which was similar to T3. All challenged pigs, except T2, had greater concentrations of serum haptoglobin compared with CON, with the greatest concentration observed in NC (P < 0.001). Challenged pigs had increased serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) 3 to 48 h postinfection, with the greatest concentration of TNF-α at 48 h observed in NC (P < 0.05). Similarly, greater (P < 0.05) serum concentrations of interferon-γ were observed for 9 h (T1 and T3), 24 h (T2 and PC), and 48 h (NC) postinfection. The serum concentration of IL-6 increased (P < 0.05) for 3 h in T3 and 24 h in NC. In conclusion, our findings suggest that L. plantarum CJLP243, at a concentration of 10(10) cfu/kg, may serve as a potential alternative to antibiotic supplementation to improve the growth and health performance of weaning pigs, especially during acute inflammation of the gut after bacterial infections.
Spitz naevus is rare in Korea. The lesions were more commonly larger, pigmented, and of the dermal type than reported in western countries.
BackgroundSjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder with lymphocytic infiltration in exocrine and non-exocrine epithelia, in which epithelial cells play a critical role in the initiation and amplification of inflammatory processes. Syndecan-1 (SDC-1) is a transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan predominantly expressed on epithelial cells and binds to and regulates heparan sulfate-binding molecules, such as chemokines.ObjectivesIn this study, we investigated the expression of SDC-1 and homeostatic chemokines and the colocalization and association of SDC-1 and B cell chemokines in mouse model of primary SS to define the role of SDC-1 in the pathogenesis of SS.MethodsFemale NOD/ShiLtJ between 6 and 12 weeks of age and sex-, and age-matched C57BL10 mice were used. Stimulated salivary flow rates (SFRs), histopathologic findings and expression of growth factor and chemokines were evaluated. Inflammation of the submandibular glands (SMGs) was assessed by the ratio index (the ratio of the area of inflammation to the total area of glandular tissue). SDC-1 level in SMGs and blood were analyzed using dot blot method. Immunofluorescence staining was performed for detection of colocalization of CXCL13 and SDC-1. For SDC-1 and CXCL13 coassociation experiments, immunoprecipitation assay was performed.ResultsThe mean SFR was significantly reduced in 12-week-old NOD mice (p=0.013). Periductal inflammatory cell infiltration was detected in the SMGs in 1 of 8 (12.5%) of the 6-week-old and in all of 12-week-old NOD mice. The mean ratio index was 0.1, 4.0, 7.1, and 10.2 in the 6-, 8-, 10-, and 12-week-old NOD mice, respectively. The expression of SDC-1 in inflamed SMGs of NOD mice was elevated, especially on the ductal epithelial cells, and tended to increase as the glandular inflammation progressed. Compared to controls, the concentration of SDC-1 in the SMGs and blood of NOD mice began to increase significantly from the age of 6 weeks (SMGs, 15.6±3.6 vs. 3.5±1.2, p=0.049; Blood, 17.4±1.3, 9.7±1.6, p=0.005). In the NOD mice, the concentration of SDC-1 of SMGs and blood began to be significantly different from the age of 10 weeks (6-week-old vs. 10-week-old mice, SMGs, 15.6±3.6 vs. 25.8±2.7, p=0.033; Blood, 17.4±1.3 vs. 27.7±1.2, p<0.001).Compared to controls, the expression of growth factors in NOD mice was reduced, while the expression of chemokines (CXCL12, CXCL13 and IL-7) and chemokine receptors (CXCR4, CXCR5) was increased. CXCL13 and SDC-1 were detected together on the surface of glandular epithelial cells in the SMGs by immunofluorescent staining. Furthermore, colocalization of SDC-1 and CXCL13 was confirmed by immunofluorescent staining using NMuMG cells which express SDC-1 abundantly. Immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that SDC-1 formed complexes with CXCL13, which suggested that SDC-1 binds with CXCL13 directly through heparan sulfate on the surface of glandular epithelial cells and participates in an inflammatory pathway through B cell chemotaxis.ConclusionThese results suggested that increased SDC-1 expression in submandibular glands plays a role in the inflammatory processes through binding of SDC-1 with CXCL13 in pathogenesis of SS.References[1]Bartlett AH, Hayashida K, Park PW. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of syndecans in tissue injury and inflammation. Mol Cells 2007;24:153-66.[2]de Paz JL, Moseman EA, Noti C, Polito L, von Andrian UH, Seeberger PH. Profiling heparin-chemokine interactions using synthetic tools. ACS Chem Biol 2007; 2(11):735-44.[3]Barone F, et al. CXCL13, CCL21, and CXCL12 Expression in Salivary Glands of Patients with Sjo¨gren’s Syndrome and MALT Lymphoma: Association with Reactive and Malignant Areas of Lymphoid Organization. J Immunol 2008; 180: 5130-40.Acknowledgements:NIL.Disclosure of InterestsNone Declared.
Background:Clinical joint count assessment is important for detecting synovitis but its reliability is controversialObjectives:This study assessed the correlation between bone scintigraphy and positron emission tomography (PET)-derived parameters in 28 joints with disease activity and compared the reliability of joint counts between bone scintigraphy and clinical assessment in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Methods:We enrolled 86 patients with active RA who underwent bone scintigraphy, fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT and disease activity evaluation at the same time. This two-step study involved a development (n=67) and validation (n=19) group. Bone scintigraphy-derived joint assessment were compared with PET/CT derived and clinical joint assessment. Subsequently, we developed a disease activity score (DAS) using bone scintigraphy-positive joints and validated it in an independent group.Results:The number of bone scintigraphy-positive joints in 28 joints was significantly correlated with the swollen (SJC)/ tender (TJC) joint counts and PET/CT derived joint counts. Intra- and inter-observer reliabilities of bone scintigraphy for the affected joint counts were excellent. Inter-observer reliability between nuclear medicine physicians and rheumatologists was good for SJC/TJC and PET/CT derived joint counts in 28 joints except shoulders. After multivariate analyses including erythrocyte sediment rate (ESR) and patients global assessment (PGA) in addition to bone scintigraphy-derived parameters, bone scintigraphy/DAS was derived as 0.056 × number of bone scintigraphy-positive joints in 28 joints + 0.012 × ESR + 0.030 × PGA. A significant correlation between bone scintigraphy/DAS and DAS28-ESR was confirmed in the validation group (p<0.001).Conclusion:Bone scintigraphy-derived joint assessment significantly correlated with PET/CT derived joint counts. Bone scintigraphy could serve as a sensitive and reliable method for evaluating disease activity in RA patients.References:Lee SJ, Jeong JH, Lee CH et al. Development and Validation of an18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography With Computed Tomography-Based Tool for the Evaluation of Joint Counts and Disease Activity in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019 Aug;71(8):1232-1240. doi: 10.1002/art.40860. Epub 2019 Jun 17.Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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