The absorption of 40–200GHz electromagnetic waves in liquid helium at temperatures 1.4–2.8K is investigated experimentally. The spectrum of oscillations of the “whispering gallery” modes of a dielectric disk-shaped resonator immersed in liquid helium is recorded. Superfluid flows in HeII is produced artificially using two “heat guns.” A narrow microwave absorption line has been detected at a frequency corresponding to the excitation energy of a single roton. It has been determined that the character of the resonance line changes radically as the velocity vs of the superfluid flow increases: microwave absorption was replaced by induced microwave emission, which was seen as a sharp intensification of the high frequency signal. The effect can be explained qualitatively on the basis of a two-level model of HeII. An abrupt change in the velocity of the superfluid flow is observed with continual increase of the power delivered to the heat gun. This could attest to quantization of vs. It is shown that the superfluid flow has a low-frequency effect on a microwave which outwardly is manifested as modulation of microwave oscillations. Possible reasons for this effect are analyzed.
Review discusses some special questions of physics of composite media (metamaterials), which are formed by elements made from natural materials of two kinds. The first ones are “carriers of permittivity” and are presented by plasma-like media and semiconductors. The second ones are “carriers of permeability”—they are presented by ferromagnets. Among such ferromagnets are ferrodielectrics (ferrites) and manganite-perovskite compounds. In the first chapter of the review some principal aspects of the electrodynamics of periodical structures—magnetophotonic crystals are considered. The questions of zone structure and possible violations of periodicity (Tamm states, defect mode) as well as the influence of external magnetic field on the spectral characteristics of magnetophotonic crystals are considered. The second chapter of the review is devoted to the electrodynamics of left-handed media (left-handed metamaterials). Different versions of composite left-handed media are considered. Particular attention is paid to features of electrodynamics of artificially synthesized left-handed media, the doped lanthanum manganites-perovskites, which in a certain concentrations of doping element and temperature range can serve as an example of natural left-handed media. The Appendix describes the details of experimental techniques radiophysical research. Note that the research and design of the metamaterials listed above in a range of low temperatures are particularly important. This is due to the fact that at low temperatures a main disadvantage of artificial materials mentioned above (quite large losses) becomes less noticeable. At the same time the main their advantage (namely the possibility to control their frequency dispersion) remains. Thus it seems that the most prospective areas of application and further study of the magnetic metamaterials lie at low temperatures.
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