RESUMO -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento de braquiária (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu), em consorciação com milho, sorgo, milheto e arroz, bem como da sua rebrota após a colheita dos cereais. A presença dos cereais provocou redução no número de perfilhos, índice de área foliar, massa seca total da parte aérea, massa seca das folhas verdes e dos colmos e taxa de crescimento na braquiária, até a colheita dos cereais. O número de perfilhos alcançou valores maiores do que os da braquiária solteira, após a colheita dos cereais. Os índices de área foliar da braquiária consorciada foram baixos, em comparação com os dos cereais, e a baixa competição, em cobertura foliar, favoreceu a boa produtividade de grãos das culturas. Aos 60-70 dias após a colheita dos cereais, a braquiária rebrotada possuía fitomassa semelhante à da solteira 70 dias após a emergência.Termos para indexação: Brachiaria brizantha, renovação de pastagem, rebrota, taxa de crescimento, consorciação, cultivo de cereais, grãos, produtividade. GROWTH ANALYSIS OF A BRACHIARIA CULTIVAR SOLE AND INTERCROPPED WITH CEREALSABSTRACT -The aim of this work was to evaluate the growth of brachiaria (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) intercropped with maize, sorghum, pearl millet and rice and its regrowth after cereals harvest. The presence of cereals caused reduction of tillers number, foliar area index, total dry matter of leaves, dry matter of green leaves and stems, and growth rate of brachiaria up to harvest of cereals. Number of tillers m -2 reached higher values than those of sole cropped brachiaria after the cereals harvest. The leaf area indices of intercropped brachiaria were low, when compared to those of the cereals; and the low competition in the leaf area favoured the good grain yield of the crops. Sixty to seventy days after cereals harvest, brachiaria regrowth showed phytomass similar to that of sole cropped brachiaria 70 days after emergence.

ABSTRACT. Capsicum chinense and C. frutescens peppers are part of the Brazilian biodiversity, and the Amazon basin is the area of greatest diversity for them, especially for that former species. Nevertheless, little is known about their evolutionary history. Aiming to identify genotypes with wild and domesticated characteristics, 30 accessions of the germplasm bank of Embrapa were characterized using morphological descriptors and ISSR molecular markers. Of the 72 primers tested, 42% showed amplification and produced 136 amplicons with some of the primers, namely i7Pv and i57Zm, allowing the identification of each species. ISSR also revealed polymorphisms within a species, especially between domesticated and wild forms. Four wild accessions collected in the Amazon region (CNPH 4315, CNPH 4372, CNPH 4337 and CNPH 4325B) popularly known as "olho-de-peixe" or "olho-de periquito" were molecularly classified as C. chinense and showed fruit with similar characteristics as the wild species: upright position, rounded to campanulate shape, small size (1.0 cm long and 0.8 cm wide), average weight of 0.2 g, dark-red color when ripe, easy detachment of calyx and presence of calyx annular constriction (discriminative of C. chinense). The wild form CNPH 4353 known as "malaguetinha" was morphologically and molecularly classified as C. frutescens, demonstrating a more preserved morphology in C. frutescens than in C. chinense. A significant correlation was found between morphological and molecular characterization, and the combination of the two analyses was effective in identifying and classifying the wild forms and contributing to evolutionary studies in the genus.

Characterization studies provide essential information for the conservation and use of germplasm in plant breeding programs. In this study, 103 Capsicum frutescens L. accessions from the Active Germplasm Bank of Embrapa Hortaliças, representative of all five Brazilian geographic regions, were characterized based on morphological characteristics and microsatellite (or simple sequence repeat - SSR) molecular markers. Morphological characterization was carried out using 57 descriptors, and molecular characterization was based on 239 alleles from 24 microsatellite loci. From the estimates of genetic distances among accessions, based on molecular characterization, a cluster analysis was carried out, and a dendrogram was established. Correlations between morphological and molecular variables were also estimated. Twelve morphological descriptors were monomorphic for the set of C. frutescens accessions, and those with the highest degree of polymorphism were stem length (14.0 to 62.0 cm), stem diameter (1.0 to 4.2 cm), days to flowering (90 to 129), days to fruiting (100 to 140), fruit weight (0.1 to 1.4 g), fruit length (0.6 to 4.6 cm), and fruit wall thickness (0.25 to 1.5 mm). The polymorphism information content for the SSR loci varied from 0.36 (EPMS 417) to 0.75 (CA49), with an overall mean of 0.57. The correlation value between morphological and molecular characterization data was 0.6604, which was statistically significant. Fourteen accessions were described as belonging to the morphological type tabasco, 85 were described as malagueta, and four were malaguetinha, a morphological type confirmed in this study. The typical morphological pattern of malagueta was described. Six similarity groups were established for C. frutescens based on the dendrogram and are discussed individually. The genetic variability analyzed in the study highlights the importance of characterizing genetic resources available for the development of new C. frutescens cultivars with the potential for various niche markets.

This study was proposed to select minimum descriptors to the characterization of accessions of Capsicum spp. from Embrapa Hortaliças germplasm bank, which are characterized mainly by qualitative data. From this collection, 893 (420 C. annuum, 106 C. baccatum, 307 C. chinense and 60 C. frutescens) were considered because they were completely characterized by 56 morphological descriptors. The statistical treatment was performed by factorial multiple correspondence analysis, combined with estimation of matrices of genetic dissimilarity among accessions for multicategoric data. Lists of minimum descriptors were proposed for the whole collection and for the subcollections related to the four cultivated species. Around thirty minimum descriptors were selected for each subcollection, maintaining a minimum of 0.90 for the correlation between the dissimilarity matrices that consider all the descriptors or only the selected minimum descriptors. These proposed lists allow a reduction of around 50% in the number of initial descriptors. The filament colour, mature fruit colour, number of locules, fruit position, origin, pungency, fruit surface, stem length, plant height and fruit length were selected as minimum descriptors, both to the whole collection and their subcollections. Most of these descriptors are related to the fruit traits of sweet and chilli peppers, which are important for genetic breeding of Capsicum because are related to storage, processing, marketing and consumption of commercial derived products.

ABSTRACT. In order to support further genetic, diversity, and phylogeny studies of Capsicum species, the transferability of a Capsicum annuum L. simple sequence repeat (SSR) microsatellite set was analyzed for C. frutescens L. ("malagueta" and "tabasco" peppers) and C. chinense Jacq. (smell peppers, among other types). A total of 185 SSR primers were evaluated in 12 accessions from 115 C. frutescens L. and 480 C. chinense Jacq, representing different types within each species. Transferability to C. frutescens L. and C. chinense Jacq. occurred for 116 primers (62.7%). Nineteen (16.37%) were polymorphic in C. frutescens L. and 36 (31.03%) in C. chinense Jacq., 17 of which were coincident and could be used to analyze samples obtained for the 2 species.Among these primers, CA49 showed a different amplitude range of alleles between the 2 species (130-132 base pairs for C. frutescens L. and S.I.C. Carvalho et al. 7938©FUNPEC-RP www.funpecrp.com.br Genetics and Molecular Research 14 (3): 7937-7946 (2015) 120-128 base pairs for C. chinense Jacq.), and could differentiate the species. A total of 55 alleles were identified among the 19 polymorphic SSR loci among accessions of C. frutescens L., with the number of alleles per locus ranging from 2 to 5, a mean of 2.89, and the polymorphic information content ranging from 0.30 to 0.65. The number of alleles identified in C. chinense Jacq. was 119, ranging from 2 to 5 alleles per locus, an average of 3.30, and polymorphic information content from 0.19 to 0.68. The C. annuum L. SSR primers were most often transferable and polymorphic for C. frutescens L. and C. chinense Jacq., and we present a set of SSR for each species.

'BRS Mari' é uma nova cultivar de pimenta dedo-de-moça desenvolvida para uso múltiplo, como produto in natura, processada na forma de molho líquido ou desidratada em flocos, moída junto com as sementes, para a produção de pimenta tipo 'calabresa'. A cv. 'BRS Mari' foi desenvolvida a partir da população 'CNPH 0039' por meio de seis ciclos de seleção massal com autofecundação controlada. A nova cultivar apresenta plantas de polinização aberta com hábito de crescimento intermediário, com aproximadamente 90 cm de altura e 1,25 m de largura, com resistência múltipla a doenças, com destaque para o virus Pepper Yellow Mosaic Virus (PepYMV) e nematóide das galhas (Meloidogyne javanica), resistência mediana ao oídio (Oidium sicula), mancha bacteriana (Xanthomonas spp.) e antracnose (Colletotrichum spp.). A colheita dos frutos tem início cerca de 70 dias após o transplante. Nas condições da região Centro-Oeste, 'BRS Mari' apresentou boa uniformidade de planta, ótima qualidade de fruto e grande potencial produtivo, alcançando 35 t ha-1 em seis meses, quando cultivada no espaçamento de 1 m entre plantas e 1,5 m entre linhas. Os frutos são alongados e pendentes, típicos do tipo dedo-de-moça, com passagem de coloração verde claro, amarelo com antocianina e laranja quando imaturos e vermelho intenso quando maduros, com aproximadamente 6,0 cm de comprimento, 1,4 cm de largura e cerca de 1,7 mm de espessura da parede. A principal característica da 'BRS Mari' é o elevado teor de capsaicina, aproximadamente 90.000 SHU (Unidades de Calor Scoville), mais elevado quando comparada com outras cultivares do mesmo grupo.

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Thirty seven pepper genotypes, Capsicum chinense, C. annuum and C. frutescens, were characterized for resistance to three root-knot nematode species (Meloidogyne javanica, M. incognita race 1 and M. enterolobii) aiming to find potential resistance sources to be used in breeding programs. Three experiments were carried out, in 2013, 2014 and 2016, in a greenhouse, in randomized block design and six replicates, one plant/pot. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and average clustering. All evaluated pepper genotypes were resistant or immune to M. javanica. For M. incognita race 1, all accessions of C. frutescens, evaluated in the first experiment, were resistant, whereas the six accessions of C. chinense were susceptible. For M. incognita, all genotypes of C. chinense and C. annuum, evaluated in the second experiment, were resistant. In the third experiment, evaluating C. annuum genotypes, we verified that most were susceptible to M. incognita race 1; genotypes CNPH 30118 and CNPH 6144 were resistant, though. M. enterolobii, which is the most aggressive species, with few resistance sources described, showed a tendency of greater degree of resistance in C. chinense and C. frutescens. Although most of the evaluated genotypes were susceptible, significant differences were observed regarding the degree of susceptibility. The main contribution of this study was the identification of a genotype resistant to M. enterolobii, cultivar BRS Nandaia, which can be used in breeding programs.