The road network in Surdash anticline is considered as an important road network connecting lower Dukan town with the touristic upper Dukan town . Dukan lake plays an important role in the social and economic activities of Dukan town and the surrounding areas. For assessing the stability of the rock slopes in the area, 9 stations were selected along the upper Dukan road on both sides of Surdash anticline, and their stability was evaluated by the kinematic analysis using DIPS V6.008 software.Kinematic analysis of the studied stations shows thatplanar sliding is possible in stations No. 1, 2, 3 and 8, while wedge sliding is possible in station No. 5, 6, 7 and 9b. The other stations (No. 4and 9a) are stable. Tectonic structures played an extra paradoxical role in the stability of the rock slopes and the type of failure. In most of the selected stations , the geological structure had a negative role, which supported or promoted the failure in the study area. However, in few stations , it had a positive role and converted the slope from unstable to stable conditions. In addition, the presence of incongruent minor syncline folds, especially in the SW-limb of the major anticline, led to the occurring of wedge sliding instead of plane sliding.
This hydrochemical study of the surface and groundwater in Khan AL-Baghdadi area, western Iraq, included the interpretation of physical, chemical, and biological properties. Water samples were collected from wells (14 samples) and surface water of Euphrates River (6 samples) for the dry and wet periods of October 2018 and April 2019, respectively. The stable isotopes analysis was performed for the dry period only. The surface water samples were characterized by slightly alkaline, fresh, excessively mineralized, Ca-chloride type, and hard to very hard water class. While the groundwater samples were characterized by slightly alkaline, brackish, excessively mineralized, Ca-chloride and Na-Chloride type, and hard to very hard water class. The stable isotopic analysis was used in studying the interaction between water resources of Euphrates River and groundwater. Stable isotopes (δD and δ18O) were used to study the hydrological aspects of water resources in the study area. The results showed that surface and groundwater samples have similar source with a correlation relationship between them, in addition to the clear effect of river recharge on groundwater. The variation in δ2H and δ18O signature of groundwater in the study area is caused mainly by variation in isotopic composition of recharge water zone and mixing water. Using the δ 2H and δ 18O diagram, all surface and groundwater samples were plotted below the global meteoric water line (GMWL) and Local Meteoric Water line (LMWL), indicating the influences of the evaporation processes and seasonal variation.
The hydrochemical study of the surface and groundwater in Khan AL-Baghdadi area included interpretation of physical, chemical and biological properties of 14 wells and 6 surface water samples collected from Euphrates River.. The study covered two periods representing dry and wet periods in October 2018 and April 2019, respectively. The surface water samples were characterized as slightly alkaline, fresh water, excessively mineralized, calcium-chloride type, and hard to very hard class. While the groundwater samples were characterized as slightly alkaline, brackish water, excessively mineralized, calcium-chloride and sodium-chloride type, and hard to very hard class. The assessment of water for irrigation purposes for both water sources in the dry period showed a Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) of no harmful effects, while the Soluble Sodium Percentage (Na%) demonstrated a good irrigation Water Class, except for one well with a permissible irrigation Water Class. While in the wet period, all surface and groundwater samples were of a good irrigation Water Class, except for two wells with permissible irrigation Water Class. In terms of total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC), all surface water samples for the two periods were within the permissible limits of irrigation water quality, whereas groundwater samples for the two periods showed unsuitable limits, except for three wells within the permissible limits of irrigation water quality. The microbiological tests showed that all samples of surface and groundwater are classified as clean.
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