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The prevalence of red deer hypodermosis and the life cycle of Hypodermia diana Brauer 1858 in three provinces of the south of Spain, Córdoba, Jaen and Ciudad Real, were studied by inspecting 254, thirty-eight and thirty-five deer from each province respectively. The prevalence of infestations was: Córdoba, 87.75%; Jaen, 92.10%, Ciudad Real, 91.42%. From this we deduced an overall prevalence of 88.67%, comprising 88.23% in male deer and 89.96% in female deer. The intensity of the parasitism in 213 of the 245 animals from Córdoba varied between one warble per animal to more than 100 in 28 of the inspected animals. The chronology of the life cycle during the hunting period (October to the end of February) was investigated.

An experimental survey was carried out in western Spain to investigate both the chronobiology of Hypoderma spp. and the immunoresponse of their bovine hosts. This study was initiated with a new system of obtaining Hypoderma spp. larvae directly from their host, including the eclosion of adults from their pupae, infestation under natural but controlled conditions, and confirmation of the resulting infection. This survey was carried out over 2 cattle grub seasons; it was possible to infest and reinfest the experimental animals and to monitor them by both parasitological methods and by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This method permitted the evaluation of the development of anti-Hypoderma antibodies during the experiment. The experimental design also enabled us to establish the period of detectable H. lineatum infection to be from December until the end of April with the largest number of warbles observed during March and April. After a pupal period of < 30 d, adults were seen in April and May. Hypoderma bovis (de Geer) showed a delay of 2 m.o. relative to H. lineatum (de Villiers). This study reports a completed biological life cycle of Hypoderma spp. under controlled conditions in both natural and experimental environments.

Se colectaron al azar 217 garrapatas sobre 72 perros domésticosen el municipio de Matamoros, Coahuila, éstas fueron identificadascomo Rhipicephalus sanguineus Latreille. Con la intención de determinar la presencia de la bacteria (Rickettsia sp.) causante de la fiebre manchada de las Montañas Rocosas (FMMR), las garrapatas se agruparon en muestras (n = 100) para pruebas moleculares, las hembras repletas de sangre fueron diseccionadas para obtener el contenido estomacal y los órganos internos. Las ninfas y los machos se maceraron para exponer el contenido interno. Empleando la técnica de CTAB se obtuvo ADN de cada pool, el cual fue sometido a ensayos de PCR para amplificar el gen gltA para la detección de Rickettsias. Se reporta la presencia de Rickettsia sp. en una frecuencia del 4% (4). El presente trabajo constituye el primer registro del agente causal de la fiebre manchada Rickettsia sp. en órganos internos de la garrapata café del perro, R. sanguineus a través de técnicas moleculares en el municipio de Matamoros, Coahuila, región endémica de esta enfermedad.

IntroductionDuring the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, a set of daily stressors are being experienced, all this affects people’s mental health, leading them to have a set of emotional disturbances. Little is known about how people’s age can influence their emotional well-being in the face of prolonged stress generate by the pandemic.ObjectiveTo clarify the presence of emotional aspects such as emotional expressiveness and the frequency of positive and negative affections in people with different age in times of crisis.MethodsThe final sample included 297 Chileans between 22 and 68 years old (M = 38.51, SD = 13.85), recruited through an online survey with the appropriate written informed consent. The study was carried out when the pandemic was spreading in Chile.ResultsThe findings revealed age differences in emotional expressivity and the type of affections experienced. The expression of emotions was more affected by negative affections, the age and the gender of the people. While the avoidance of this emotional expression, by age and affections both positive and negative. Age was a significant predictor of emotional expressiveness.DiscussionFindings suggests that the associations between both variables, varied according to the age group of the people. Furthermore, this finding proposes that although older people are facing the persistent and serious threat of COVID-19, they show better emotional functioning. Which would help to better understand the interaction of both positive and negative life experiences in times of crisis.