Fifty-eight patients with well-documented history of seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis caused by grass pollens were allocated randomly on a double-blind basis to receive either sublingual therapy with a solution of purified, standardized allergen preparation (Stallergènes) or a matched placebo for 17 weeks. The assessment of the effect of oral immunotherapy, done with drops of five-grass allergen extract, was on the clinical symptoms and on the medication score of the authorized rescue treatments. The actively treated patients had significantly (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01) fewer symptoms of rhinitis (sneezing and rhinorrhea) and of conjunctivitis (redness and tears) during the pollen season than the placebo group. Consumption of nasal solution of sodium cromoglycate and of betamethasone and dexchlorpheniramine was significantly less in the desensitized group (P < 0.01). Side-effects were negligible. This study concludes that perlingual immunotherapy with grass pollen extract in grass-pollen-sensitive seasonal hay fever and conjunctivitis patients is effective, easy to perform, inexpensive, and safe.

In this paper, we shall study the relationship between renewable energy, economic growth (GDP), carbon dioxide emissions and with control variable that are estimated into realized volatility and to verify if the EKC hypothesis is accepted or not. This study is focussed on the Algerian situation during the periods of 1995-2016 and we employed the VECM procedure and Granger causality to estimate the short and long-run coefficients. We found with VECM that an increase in carbon dioxide emissions, fossil energy consumption and production will raise the level of economic growth, while an increase in GDP, fossil energy consumption and production will upsurge the level of carbon dioxide emissions, but an increase in renewable energy consumption will reduce both GDP and carbon dioxide emissions. We concluded in the short-term that there's bidirectional causality between carbon dioxide emissions and GDP and there is unidirectional causality running from renewable energy consumption to carbon dioxide emissions.

Tourism is one of the most important sectors for several researchers and decision makers, due to its influence on the world economic growth in the twenty-first century, making it as a source of competition between countries to a global industry for its effective strategic role in the development of countries. In this paper, we used two variables natural logarithm of per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and natural logarithm of per capita international and national tourism expenditure (ITE) to study the relationship between the tourism sector and economic growth in Algeria over the period of 1995–2017. We established with the unit root test with and without breakpoint that the variables are stationary in the first difference and there is a structural break in (ITE) and (GDP). Thus, with the presence of a breakpoint, we employed the methodology of Gregory–Hansen to avoid such issue, but we found that there was no evidence of cointegration with breakpoint, so then we used the vector autoregressive model (VAR). The model showed that the tourism sector has a positive and insignificant coefficient on the economic growth, while the economic growth factor has a positive and significant on the tourism sector. In the short run, there was a one-way causality from GDP to ITE at the level of 1%, confirming the economic-driven tourism growth hypothesis. Also, we found with Breitung and Candelon causality that there was same causality at the level of 10%.

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In this paper, we analyse the impact of the institutional quality on the sustainable development in 10 Arab countries during the period 1995-2019. Despite the significant improvement that have known some countries in recent years in terms of development indicators, the Arab authorities still require more efforts to improve their governance and to enhance the developmental impact of oil revenues. However, the deterioration of the institutional environment indicators remains the biggest obstacle to achieve the development goals, and limits the effectiveness of economic reforms. Therefore, we found from the empirical study that there is a positive significant effect on sustainable development (expressed by adjusted net saving) for capital per capita, oil rents, per capita and trade openness, while there is a negative significant effect for gross national income, and total natural resources rents. However, the institutional indexes have a positive and insignificant impact, indicating that there is an evidence of a weak political structure and weak political awareness of Arab societies.

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The sustained current account deficit in any country has an important implication for policy. If it continues, then it suggests that the regime ought to have no motivation to avoid or to diminish its international debt. In this paper, we test empirically the relationship among current account deficit and different macroeconomic variables by using panel Logit model. Therefore, we focus on the MENA countries during the years of 1980-2017. We built an econometric model to analyse the contribution of the real GDP, unemployment rate (UR), consumer price index (CPI), export growth rate (EGR), import growth rate (IGR), public expenditures (PE), and foreign trade rate (FTR) on current account deficit (CAD). We established that only the following exogenous variables: GDP, UR, PE and FTR have a positive and significant effect on the current account deficit. This outcome may support governments to identify the best time for investment and business strategies by observing the evolution of the performance of higher temporal hierarchy industries.