Clipping fall-sown cereals provides a good source of high-quality forage during late winter. Farmers usually use more inputs, including fertilizers and seed, in dual-purpose systems compared with grain-only systems. A 2-yr fi eld study was conducted in Karaj, Iran, to evaluate the eff ects of nitrogen (N) rates (0, 50, 100, 150 kg N ha -1 ) and seeding rates (400, 600, 800 seed m -2 ) on forage and grain yields of two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars (Fasih and CB 744) in grain-only and dual-purpose systems. Fasih and CB 744 grain yields in the grain-only system were 2996 and 3250 kg ha -1 , respectively (averaged over experimental treatments). Forage removal in the dual-purpose system resulted in 25% grain yield penalty. Despite the lower grain yield, the economic return of the dual-purpose system was considerably greater due to the high price of forage during late winter in the region. Grain yield response to N was linear in the grain-only system, but the trend was not signifi cant in the dual-purpose system. In both production systems, grain yield response to seeding rate was quadratic, and the highest yields of both cultivars (2534 and 3192 kg ha -1 for Fasih and CB 744, respectively) were obtained from 600 seed m -2 . In both production systems, 600 seed m -2 and 100 kg N ha -1 were optimum for grain and forage production. Our results showed considerably higher revenue in the dual-purpose system compared with the grain-only system in this region. Moreover, no additional inputs of N and seed are required for dual-purpose barley than those usually used in a grain-only system.
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