Objective: The objective of this study was to examine practices regarding cleft lip and palate (CLP) among medical professionals and caregivers of children with CLP and to identify barriers and facilitators to comprehensive CLP care at a hospital in West Africa. Design: Qualitative methods used consisted of individual semistructured interviews with caregivers of children with CLP and one focus group with CLP team members. Setting: A majority of the interviews took place in the hospital, with some occurring during home visits. The focus group was conducted in the same hospital. Participants: Forty-five caregivers of children with CLP and 1 adult with CLP completed an interview. Additionally, 2 of the caregivers had CLP and completed an interview from their perspective. The focus group consisted of 13 CLP team members from a comprehensive CLP team in Ghana. Interventions: Interviews consisted of semistructured, open-ended questions, and the focus group relied on a discussion guide. Line-by-line coding was used to identify common themes regarding barriers and facilitators to CLP care. Results: Barriers to CLP care that were consistent across caregiver interviews and the focus group were lack of knowledge regarding CLP, stigma and cultural beliefs surrounding CLP, transportation, financial, and feeding/nutrition issues. Barriers to care identified in the interviews and focus group were similar; however, facilitators to care varied greatly between the 2. Conclusions: Two different qualitative methods provided unique perspectives on barriers and facilitators to CLP care. However, patients and caregivers continue to face substantial barriers to obtaining care.
This paper outlines a unique case of the development of strategies to reduce ventilation and heating costs in Konsuln iron ore mine in northern Sweden. The mine, located just south of Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara Aktiebolag’s Kiruna iron ore mine, was developed as a test mine 2018–2020 for the Sustainable Underground Mining (SUM) project. Besides functioning as a test mine, Konsuln also contributes ore production. The existing mine ventilation system was designed for the current production rate of 0.8 million tons per annum (Mtpa). There is a plan to increase this rate to between 1.8 and 3 Mtpa in the future, and this requires the primary fans to be upgraded. Therefore, a study was carried out to determine whether using ventilation on demand (VOD) could avoid this fan upgrade and reduce Konsuln’s ventilation and heating power costs in the future. The study also investigated whether using battery electric vehicles (BEVs) along with VOD or as a standalone strategy could further reduce these power costs. In addition, the study analyzed the suitability of heating power reduction strategies presently or previously used in the Nordic countries and Canada to investigate potential additional strategies to reduce the heating power cost, the largest portion of Konsuln’s ventilation and heating power costs. The study found using VOD can avoid the expensive upgrading of the existing primary fans and reduce Konsuln’s ventilation and heating power costs in the future. Using BEVs can further reduce these costs. Finally, none of the Nordic and Canadian heating power reduction strategies is suitable for Konsuln because they require unique conditions that do not exist in Konsuln.
Ventilation projects such as installation of primary fans, refrigeration system, heating systems, and Ventilation of Demand (VOD) system require some simulations to ascertain their benefits and fulfilment of their purpose before the actual financial commitment is made to execute such projects. Ventilation models used for the simulations should provide some degree of accuracy to ensure that their results will reflect the actual mine ventilation circuit. This paper outlines a barometer Pressure-Quantity (PQ) survey that was done to calibrate the existing ventilation model of LKAB's Konsuln test mine before it was used in a VOD design study to determine whether it will be feasible for Konsuln mine to install the system. The results show a good correlation between the simulated airflows in the calibrated model and the actual underground measured airflow quantities and primary fans pressure. This good correlation has validated the model for its use in Konsuln VOD design study.
Section 2 -Konsuln Mine Ventilation System, 2 nd paragraph.Add "The design was created by Kiruna mine ventilation team, Ms. Stina Klemo and Mr. Joakim Jonasson, in cooperation with a consultant, Mr. Tomas Bolsöy from EOL Vent Mining AB" after "The system is designed to supply approximately 100 m3/s of fresh air into the mine for a production rate of 0.8 Mtpa". Section 4.2 -Estimation of Ventilation Power Cost UsingVentSim Design Software, 1 st paragraph.Add ",based on the model created by Mr. Tomas Bolsöy from EOL Vent Mining AB" after "The model was calibrated beforehand, as described in [26]".
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