A delay modulator, made of glass plates rotating in a pump beam, is applied to measure time-resolved rates of transient processes in a pump-probe experimental setup. Glass plates modulate both delay and beam power. The contribution from the power modulation is subtracted by using a scaled-down measurement made with metal chopper blades. Delay modulation results obtained with this procedure are consistent with the derivative in delay of the usual power modulation and can show a larger signal to noise ratio.
A double polarization and temperature modulation configuration was applied to measure the magnetization and magnetic entropy dynamics in ultrafast demagnetization. Two magnetic properties, obtained by subtracting measurements made at opposite fields, have the same onset at small delays and different relaxations at large delays. The different dynamics suggests that spin relaxation in ultrafast demagnetization is a combination of two processes.
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