Despite its environmental and social benefits, urban development has also led to severe problems such as air pollution, especially in megacities with escalating population growth like Tehran, the capital of Iran. This study aims to analyze the spatial correlation between air pollutants' emission and the socioeconomic status of urban districts, with an emphasis on environmental justice, in order to make a contribution to the quantitative analysis of environmental inequalities in Tehran. Thus, a quantitative spatial analysis was carried out by a geographically weighted regression model in order to compare the relationship between the emission of air pollutants from mobile and stationary sources in selected urban districts and the socioeconomic status of these districts. The results showed that, of all the 22 districts of Tehran, district 3 had the highest and district 18 the lowest rank in terms of socioeconomic status. It was concluded that districts with better socioeconomic statuses emit more pollutants, while they are less exposed to the subsequent risks, which implies environmental injustice in the study area.
Background: Helicobacter pylori infection is a major risk factor for gastric cancer in Iran, but the impact of socioeconomic factors on its prevalence is poorly understood. This study aimed to assess the socioeconomic inequalities and risk factors associated with H. pylori infection in Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted based on the PERSIAN cohort study. A total of 20460 individuals aged 35 to 70 years in Ardabil, Iran were included in the study. H. pylori infection was determined based on stool tests and clinical records. Multilevel logistic regression models with random intercepts at household and community levels were used to identify risk factors associated with H. pylori prevalence. The concentration index (CIn) and concentration curve (CC) were employed to assess socioeconomic-related inequality. Results: In this study, 70.4% (CI 69.6–71.0) of the participants were infected with H. pylori, with a higher prevalence in women (71.2%) than men (69.6%). Age (OR: 1.37, CI: 1.17-1.61), sex (OR: 1.20, CI: 1.12-1.28), level of education (OR: 1.33, CI: 1.17-1.49), cardiac disease (OR: 1.32, CI:1.18-1.46), and BMI groups (OR: 2.49, CI: 1.11-5.58) were significantly associated with H. pylori infection based on the multivariable logistic regression. The results of the CIn and CC indicated that H. pylori were more prevalent among economically disadvantaged groups (CIn: -0.1065; [-0.1374 to -0.0755]). Conclusion: The prevalence of H. pylori in Iran is higher than in other developing countries, and significant socioeconomic inequality exists between the poor and the rich. To reduce the rate of gastric cancer, socio-economic and demographic factors, especially the poor and people with low levels of education, should be considered.
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