Resonant modes and magnetoelectric performance of layered PZT/Ni and Ni/PZT/Ni cylindrical composites are considered. The first and the second resonant frequencies in the 1-150 kHz range correspond to the axial and the radial modes. Experimental results and theoretical analysis indicate that one should choose the trilayered structure and the first resonant frequency as the working frequency. This study is helpful in design and applications of magnetoelectric devices.
Magnetoelectric (ME) coefficient dependence on the bias magnetic field at resonance frequencies for the bi-layered bonded Terfenol-D/Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 composite was investigated. The resonance frequency decreases first and then increases with the bias magnetic field (HDC), showing a “V” shape in the range of 0 ∼ 5 kOe. Below the resonance frequency, the pattern of ME coefficient dependence on the HDC shows a single peak, but splits into a double-peak pattern when the testing frequency increases into a certain region. With increasing the frequency, a divergent evolution of the HDC patterns was observed. Domain motion and ΔE effect combined with magnetostriction-piezoelectric coupling effect were employed to explain this experimental result.
Quenching and partitioning (Q&P) processes were performed using initial heating rates ranging from 0.5 to 300 K s −1 with either one step or two steps in the intercritical annealing stage. Increasing the heating rate strongly affected the recrystallisation of ferrite and spheroidisation of pearlite. The nucleation and growth mechanisms of austenite under various heating rates were discussed, and the characteristics of retained austenite in each annealed sample were evaluated. Tensile tests demonstrated that the mechanical properties of Q&P steel increased with increasing heating rate. The poor mechanical properties of the slowly heated samples are suggested to result from the linable distribution of martensite.
The Ni-P/Ni/Pb(Zr,TiO)3 (PZT) cylindrical layered magnetoelectric (ME) composites have been prepared by electroless deposition and electrodeposition. The ME effect in the axial mode was researched in this paper. Compared with that of the Ni/PZT and Ni-P/PZT composites, the Ni-P/Ni/PZT composites have both lower optimal magnetic field and higher ME voltage coefficient. The reason for the ME improvement can be ascribed to the flux concentration effect and the compressive stress in the Ni layers induced by the high permeability Ni-P layers. These results open up a suitable way to enhance the sensitivity and optimize the design of ME devices for practical application.
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