SummaryThe demand for electricity is expected to continue its historical growth trend far into the future and particularly over the 20-year projection period discussed in this report. To meet this growth with traditional approaches will require added generation, transmission, and distribution, costing up to $1.4 billion/GW ($1,400/kW in year 2000 dollars) on the utility side of the meter. The amount of capacity needed in each of these categories must supply peak demand and provide a reserve margin to protect against outages and other contingencies. The "nameplate" capacity of many power system components is typically utilized for only a few hundred hours per year. Thus, traditional approaches to maintaining the adequacy of the Nation's power generation and delivery system are characterized by lower than desirable asset utilization, particularly for assets located near the end-user.Other issues are beginning to affect the utility industry's ability to supply future load growth. The disparity between current levels of investment in generation and transmission suggests a looming crisis that creates a strong element of urgency for finding alternative solutions. In addition, any solution needs to address the cycle of boom and bust that is typical of certain sectors of the electric industry and is likely to become more pronounced as deregulation takes hold across the Nation.The increased availability of energy information technologies can play an important role in addressing these issues. Historically, power supply infrastructure has been created to serve load as a passive element of the system. Today, information technology is at the point of allowing larger portions of the demand-side infrastructure to function as an integrated system element that participates in control and protection functions as well as real-time economic interaction with the grid. The collective application of these information-based technologies to the U. S. power grid is becoming known as the GridWise™ vision or concept.
A group of reports (including this report) has been issued that serves the dual purpose of: 1) developing cost optimization models for dry cooling systems based on available technology and 2) comparing the results of analyzing the cost of these systems with the projected cost of several advanced dry and dry/wet systems. Included in this group are: AN ENGINEERING AND COST COMPARISON OF THREE DIFFERENT ALL-DRY COOLING SYSTEMS.
This document is a study of research opportunities that are important to developing advanced technologies for efficient energy use. The study's purpose is to describe a wide array of attractive technical areas from which specific research and development programs could be implemented. Research areas are presented for potential application in each of the major energy end-use sectors. The analysis is unique in that it employs a systematic process for both identifying and screening candidate energy conservation research areas. The study team was comprehensive in its review of aggregate energy consumption and employed explicit criteria to evaluate the technology research areas. This study was completed for the Division of Energy Conversion and Utilization Technologies (ECUT) in the Department of Energy. The division's mission is to identify and research long-range technology concepts that are attractive for more efficient energy use. To meet its goals, the ECUT staff has established a planning and systems analysis project that was responsible for conducting this study. This report is one of a series of studies in support of the ECUT research planning effort. Other documents in the series contain assessments of energy conservation technology areas, methods to appraise research projects for support, and data reference sources.
The evolution of the End-Use load and Consumer Assessment Program (ELCAP) since 1983 at Bonneville Power Administration {Bonneville) has been eventful and somewhat tortuous. The birth pangs of a data set so large and encompassing as this have been overwhelming at times. The early adolescent stage of data set development and use has now been reached and preliminary results of early analyses of the data are becoming well known. However, the full maturity of the data set and the corresponding wealth of analytic insights are not fully realized. 3.0 HEAT LOSS CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ELCAP RESIDENTIAL SAMPLE 3 .I 3 .I INTRODUCTION 3.1 3.2 METHODOLOGY 3.2 3.3 RESULTS 3.4 •• 3.3 .I Heat Loss Characteristics By Climate Zone and Vintage. .. .. .. .. 3.4 3.3.2 Comparison of RSDP Sample UAs with with Design Targets 3. I 0 3.4 APPLICATIONS. . 3 .!f; 4.0 RSDP THERMAL ANALYSIS 4 .I 4 .I INTRODUCTION 4 .I 4.2 METHODOLOGY 4 .I 4.3 RESULTS 4.3 4.3 .I Comparison of MCS with Control Structures 4.3 4.3.2 Comparison of MCS Structures with MCS Targets
PNL-3966UC-95 ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe research staff of this project would like to thank Theodore Willke and W. Bradford Ashton for their conceptual guidance and managerial support of this effort. We also thank Benjamin Johnson for his technical overview of our work. Finally, we extend our appreciation to our sponsors, E. Karl Bastress and Michael Shapiro of the Department of Energy, for the open-minded and enthusiastic support they gave us throughout this project.iii PREFACE This report provides a review and synthesis of several significant studies that were conducted to assess R&D needs and opportunities for advanced energy conservation systems. The authors feel that it is important to emphasize that this effort was not intended to be a comprehensive review of the energy conservation research literature. The purpose of this study was primarily to provide information that could be used in identifying candidate R&D opportunities for a companion report, An Overview of Energy Conservation Research Opportunities. It is also important to note that the studies that were reviewed in each of the energy end-use areas are not necessarily the most widely known or most complete studies that have been performed in those areas. Rather, this report provides a preliminary overview of a representative sample of 38 energy conservation research opportunities studies using a consistent critical review format. This format allows a comparison of the types of information typically provided in the reports and initial development of a master catalog of the energy conservation and research opportunities that have been identified by a variety of sources.This report is one of a series of studies in support of the research planning effort for the Division of Energy Conversion and Utilization Technologies in the U.S. Department of Energy. Other documents in the series contain assessments of energy conservation technology areas, methods to appraise research projects for support, and data reference sources. Publications from this project include:Hopp, W. et a1.
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