Human rabies in China continues to increase exponentially, largely due to an inadequate veterinary infrastructure and poor vaccine coverage of naive dogs. We performed an epidemiological survey of rabies both in humans and animals, examined vaccine quality for animal use, evaluated the vaccination coverage in dogs, and checked the dog samples for the presence of rabies virus. The lack of surveillance in dog rabies, together with the low immunization coverage (up to 2.8% in rural areas) and the high percentage of rabies virus prevalence (up to 6.4%) in dogs, suggests that the dog population is a continual threat for rabies transmission from dogs to humans in China. Results also indicated that the quality of rabies vaccines for animal use did not satisfy all of the requirements for an efficacious vaccine capable of fully eliminating rabies. These data suggest that the factors noted above are highly correlated with the high incidence of human rabies in China.
We consider the formation of positive ions of antihydrogenH + via radiative attachment of incident positrons e + to antihydrogen atomsH. The formation mechanisms include (i) spontaneous radiative attachment in which the ion is formed due to spontaneous emission of a photon by a positron incident onH; (ii) induced radiative attachment where the formation proceeds in the presence of a laser field via induced photoemission; and (iii) two-center attachment which takes place in the presence of a neighboring atom B and in which an incident positron is attached toH via resonant transfer of energy to B with its subsequent relaxation through spontaneous radiative decay. We show that the mechanisms (ii) and (iii) can strongly dominate over the known mechanism (i). Besides, according to our estimates, in the range of positron energies ( 1 eV) where the radiative channels are most efficient, the mechanism of (nonradiative) three-body attachment, in which one of two positrons incident onH forms the ion whereas the other one carries away the energy excess, is much weaker than the channel (i). We also briefly discuss three-body attachment where, instead of two positrons, a positron and an electron are incident onH.
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