With 3 plates in the text)In Hemiphractus proboscideus odontoids are found on the dentary, angular and palatine bones. The morphology of all odontoids is similar, although there are minor variations. They grow by appositional growth, probably quite slowly and possibly seasonally. The odontoids are produced as a result of increase in width of the lamellae near the surface of their supporting bone, and seem to be capable of repair after damage in vivo. The teeth on the premaxilla, maxilla and prevomer are strongly recurved and are composed of dentine covered over their apical one-fifth by a thin layer of aprismatic enamel. The teeth are monocuspid but each possesses two small tubercles which are situated on the mesial and distal margins near the apex. The surface dentine is composed of longitudinal bundles of calcified fibres connected by horizontal interlocking fibres. During tooth replacement resorption bays are visible on the external and pulpal surfaces of the dentine.

This article examines gift-giving within the Persian empire and its perception in Greek literary sources. Gift-giving in the Greek world was often framed in the language of friendship, and Greek authors subsequently articulated Persian traditions using the language and cultural norms of their intended audience. There were fundamental differences in the concepts of gift-exchange and reciprocity between the Greeks and the Persians. This article will examine Persian traditions of gift-giving followed by Greek traditions of gift-giving, and will argue that the Greek misrepresentation of Persian customs led to numerous misunderstandings in relations between Greek and Persian individuals. The use of Greek descriptive language, rather than more accurate terminology, to describe Persian traditions has hindered our understanding of gift-giving in the Persian empire. In addressing these misconceptions, this article will demonstrate the successful use of gift-giving in the Persian empire and the perils of Greek misrepresentation of foreign customs.

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