Chromosome aberrations were induced in cultured human cells by proton beams of 31, 12, and 8 MeV. The frequencies of isochromatid breaks and dicentrics have been analysed as a function of proton energy and dose. Both effects are largely dependent on proton energy; isochromatid breaks increased linearly with the dose, whereas dicentrics show a definite parabolic behaviour. The experimental data were fitted to the analytic form Y = KDn and Y = alpha D + beta D2 and the best fitted values of the parameters are reported and discussed. The values of RBE for the isochromatid breaks are in the ratio 1.7:1.3:1 for 8, 12, and 31 MeV respectively. In the case of the dicentrics the RBE values are dose-dependent function of the type CD-n. The three distributions of dicentrics among the cells do not fit a Poisson distribution.
Numerous studies have found a large number of QTL associated with productive and functional traits in the cattle genome. Several Countries have already established research programs aiming at identification and exploitation of QTLs in dairy cattle (Bovenhuis and Schrooten 2002). However, the published results are not directly exploitable for MAS, as commercial interests limit the information in the literature, and because marker-QTL phase is specific to each family
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