Nitrogen removal performance and the ammonia-oxidising bacterial (AOB) community were assessed in the batch loaded 1.3ha saturated surface vertical flow wetland at CSBP Ltd, a fertiliser and chemical manufacturer located in Kwinana, Western Australia. From September 2008 to October 2009 water quality was monitored and sediment samples collected for bacterial analyses. During the period of study the wetland received an average inflow of 1109m 3 /day with NH 3 -N = 40mg/L and NO 3 -N=23mg/L. Effluent NH 3 -N and NO 3 -N were on average 31mg/L and 25mg/L respectively. The overall NH 3 -N removal rate for the period was 1.2g/m 2 /d indicating the nitrifying capacity of the wetland. The structure of the AOB community was analysed using group specific primers for the ammonia monooxygenase gene (amoA) by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and by clone libraries to identify key members. The majority of sequences obtained were most similar to Nitrosomonas sp. while Nitrosospira sp. was less frequent. Another two vertical flow wetlands, 0.8ha each, were commissioned at CSBP in July 2009, since then the wetland in this study has received nitrified effluent from these two new cells.
This study assessed copper and zinc distribution in the surface layer of sediment and rhizome tissue within the saturated surface vertical flow constructed wetland of CSBP Ltd, a fertiliser and chemical manufacturer located in Western Australia. Sediment and Schoenoplectus validus rhizome samples were collected at various distances from the inlet pipe while water samples are routinely collected. Water samples were analysed for nutrients and metals, sediments were analysed for total and bioavailable metals and rhizomes were analysed for total metals only. Mean influent copper and zinc concentrations were 0.19mg/L and 0.24mg/L respectively. The distribution of bioavailable Cu and Zn in the top sediment layer follows a horizontal profile. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the bioavailable fraction of these metals in sediments near the inlet pipe (30.2mg/kg Cu and 60.4mg/kg Zn) is significantly higher than in sediments at the farthest location (10.3mg/kg Cu and 26.1mg/kg Zn). The average total Cu concentration in the sediment at the 2m location has reached the 65mg/kg trigger value suggested by the Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines (ANZEEC 2000). Cu and Zn concentrations in the rhizome of S. validus do not vary significantly among different locations. Whether Cu and Zn concentrations at the CSBP wetland may reach toxic levels to plants and bacteria is still unknown and further research is required to address this issue. The surface component of the wetland favours sedimentation and binding of metals to the organic matter on the top of the sediment, furthermore, the sediment which tends to be anoxic with reducing conditions acts as a sink for metals. 1Title: Heavy metals in a constructed wetland treating industrial wastewater: distribution in the sediment and rhizome tissue. Water samples were analysed for nutrients and metals, sediments were analysed for total and bioavailable metals and rhizomes were analysed for total metals only. Mean influent copper and zinc concentrations were 0.19mg/L and 0.24mg/L respectively. The distribution of bioavailable Cu and Zn in the top sediment layer follows a horizontal profile. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the bioavailable fraction of these metals in sediments near the inlet pipe (30.2mg/kg Cu and 60.4mg/kg Zn) is significantly higher than in sediments at the farthest location (10.3mg/kg Cu and 26.1mg/kg Zn). The average total Cu concentration in the sediment at the 2m location has reached the 65mg/kg trigger value suggested by the Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines (ANZEEC 2000). Cu and Zn concentrations in the rhizome of S. validus do not vary significantly among different locations. Whether Cu and Zn concentrations at the CSBP wetland may reach toxic levels to plants and bacteria is still unknown and further research is required to address this issue. The surface component of the wetland favours sedimentation and binding of metals to the organic matter on the top of the sediment, furthermore, the sediment which tends to be anoxic with reducing c...
Free-living amoebae (FLA) and amoeba-resistant bacteria (ARB) are of increasing concern for water utilities as they cause diseases in humans. To protect consumers, disinfectants are used to prevent colonization by these pathogens in drinking water; however, FLA possess inherent defence mechanisms that can protect them from disinfection. This study investigated the presence and abundance of these amoebae and bacteria in chlorinated drinking water storage tanks in Western Australia. Viability and molecular testing methods, in the form of culturing, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, were employed to detect amoebae and bacteria present in bulk water and sediment samples. FLA and ARB were detected in water storage tanks that had free chlorine residuals above 0.5 mg/L. Viable Acanthamoeba spp. and Vermamoeba sp. were isolated from the tanks along with various other FLA also detected molecularly. Nontuberculous mycobacteria, a known ARB and opportunistic pathogen, was isolated from all tanks and sample types as well as in the growth fronts of the viable amoebae. This study illustrates the presence and persistence of FLA, ARB, and associated bacterial communities in well-chlorinated water storage tanks, highlighting the need for continued surveillance and risk management.
The Water Corporation of Western Australia uses polymeric ultrafiltration (UF) membranes across a range of applications including surface waters with high natural organic matter (NOM), recycling of secondary treated wastewater and pre-treatment for seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO). These challenging raw water conditions require expensive chemical dosing and clean-in-place (CIP) regimes, high frequency of membrane replacement and reduced membrane life. The greater durability of ceramic membranes, with optimal ozone and coagulant dosing, offer a potential capital and operating advantage over polymeric UF membranes. The Water Corporation collaborated with PWN Technologies (PWNT) to establish a ceramic membrane pilot plant at the Beenyup Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP). Optimised performance of the pilot plant was established and compared with existing UF membranes treating secondary treated wastewater prior to reverse osmosis (RO) in an indirect potable wastewater recycling application. Findings show a sustainable flux rate of 150 L/m2/h is achievable with ceramic MF membranes while filtering secondary treated wastewater. Higher flux rates up to 250 L/m2/h have been tested and are possibly sustainable, however, other bottlenecks in the pilot plant (ozone generator capacity) prevented longer test runs at this flux. Comparable design flux rates for polymeric UF membranes are 50 L/m2/h.
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