Several hundred thousand women in Bangladesh terminate their pregnancy either by menstrual regulation (MR) or through abortion. Government policy does not recognize abortion; but there exists a policy for MR, permitting termination of unwanted pregnancy up to 10 weeks from the last menstrual period. But access to safe MR is limited-unskilled and untrained providers mostly conduct termination of pregnancy; making unsafe abortion one of the leading causes of maternal deaths in Bangladesh. In order to reduce maternal mortality and morbidity in the country, some initiative was launched.The overall aim was to improve knowledge of and access to quality MR services for the prevention of unsafe abortion and unsafe MR. The present study will examine the impact of the MR intervention, i.e. how far the program has been successful in increasing awareness regarding timeline for safe MR. Findings suggest that overall respondents in the intervention area are much better off in terms of awareness regarding timeline of safe MR (79% of women) compared to their control group counterparts (51%), People belonging to different age groups (adolescents, adults, the aged) and socio economic categories (rich/poor, educated/illiterate) get the relevant message regarding WHY, WHEN, WHERE, and by WHOM the MR procedure should be performed. The implementing agencies have played a crucial role in promoting safe MR in their respective working areas in the aspects of awareness creation, standard guideline on MR, enabling environment, and rights based approach. However, there still remains scope to improve quality of care.
Background
Road traffic injuries are among the top 10 causes of death accounting for 2.1% of total global mortality. Excess and inappropriate speed is responsible for a high proportion of the mortality and morbidity that result from road crashes. Over speeding is one of the major risk factors in Kenya.
Objectives
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of speed radar camera in reducing road traffic injuries.
Methods
Data on road traffic crashes was collected from Naivasha and Thika district from the police department between April and December 2012 after using speed radar cameras by the police officers. Data from the police department for last 3 years were analysed to compare with the data after introducing speed radar camera.
Results
Observational studies showed reduction of speeds. Total number of road traffic crashes reduced in Naivasha after introducing speed radar camera. Fatal cases increased in 2011 comparing with 2009 and 2010. Serious and slight injury cases reduced in 2011 comparing with 2009 and 2010. In Thika, total number of cases as well as (severity of cases increased during 2011 comparing with 2009 and 2010.The amount of fines collected from the offenders increased to about Kenya Shillings(Ksh) 3 000 000.
Significance
Findings of this study can be the thinking-point for future intervention considering speed control, injury prevention and increase in revenue.
The paper estimates a health production function for Asian developing countries based on the Grossman (1972) theoretical model that treats social, economic, and environmental factors as inputs of the production system. In estimating this function, socioeconomic and environmental factors such as income per capita, literacy rate, food availability, health expenditure, health services, urbanization rate, population, and carbon dioxide emission are specified as determinants of health status. The parameters of the function are estimated by one-way and two-way fixed and random effects model of panel data analyses. The results of the one-way fixed effect model suggest that an increase in GDP per capita, food availability and literacy rate, and decrease in carbon dioxide emissions are strongly associated with an improvement in life expectancy at birth. Overall, the results imply that a health policy may focus on the provision of health services and environmental aspects may do little to improve the current health status of the region.
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