There are estimated to be more than 20,000 species of plants in Venezuela, of which more than 1500 are used for medicinal purposes by indigenous and local communities. Only a relatively small proportion of these have been evaluated in terms of their potential as antitumor agents. In this study, we screened 308 extracts from 102 species for cytostatic and cytotoxic activity against a panel of six tumor cell lines using a 24-h sulphorhodamine B assay. Extracts from Clavija lancifolia, Hamelia patens, Piper san-vicentense, Physalis cordata, Jacaranda copaia, Heliotropium indicum, and Annona squamosa were the most cytotoxic, whereas other extracts from Calotropis gigantea, Hyptis dilatata, Chromolaena odorata, Siparuna guianensis, Jacaranda obtusifolia, Tapirira guianensis, Xylopia aromatica, Protium heptaphyllum, and Piper arboreum showed the greatest cytostatic activity. These results confirm previous reports on the cytotoxic activities of the above-mentioned plants as well as prompting further studies on others such as C. lancifolia and H. dilatata that have not been so extensively studied.

Global control and elimination of tuberculosis are hindered by the high prevalence of drug-resistant strains, making the development of new drugs to fight tuberculosis a public health priority. In this study, we evaluated 118 extracts from 58 Venezuelan plant species for their ability to inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis mc26020, using the agar dilution method. Additionally, we determined the ability of these extracts to inhibit the activity of PknB protein, an essential M. tuberculosis serine/threonine kinase, using a high-throughput luminescent assay. Of the 118 extracts tested, 14 inhibited bacterial growth with a minimum inhibitory concentration ≤500 μg/ml, and 36 inhibited the kinase activity with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration <200 μg/ml. Five extracts inhibited M. tuberculosis growth and inhibited the activity of the kinase protein, suggesting that this could be the basis of their growth inhibition.

IntroductionClozapine is a neuroleptic commonly used in treatments resistant to schizophrenia. However, despite the benefits, clozapine might cause some serious side effects. Hence, it is of the utmost necessity to keep an exacting control of the patients.ObjectivesTo study some of the therapeutical approaches to the treatment of clozapine induced neutropenia and agranulocytosis.MethodsReview of some articles in Mental Health Journals.ResultsThe treatment with clozapine, substratum of aminergic and muscarinic receptors, entails a 0.9% risk of causing agranulocytosis, and approximately a 2.7% risk of causing neutropenia. Both occur, over 80% of them, during the first 18 weeks of treatment. Thus, before starting it, it is necessary to draw some blood and analyze the complete blood count (CBC). Also, we must analyze CBCs weekly during the first 18 weeks. Other dyscrasias like leukopenia, leukocytosis, anaemia, eoshinophilia, thrombocythaemia or thrombocytopenia can also be observed. When agranulocytosis appears, it can be treated by discontinuing the clozapine treatment, but also using granulocyte-colony stimulating factor or lithium, both separated or combined with clozapine. Lithium produces reversible leukocytosis onceplasma levels of > 0.4 mmol/L are reached. Despite the simultaneous treatment with lithium, clozapine can trigger some neurological side effects, it seems that seizure risk remains invariable.ConclusionsSome of the clozapine's side effects, like neutropenia or agranulocytosis, are potentially lethal. Their treatment consists of discontinuing clozapine or initiating granulocyte-colony stimulating factor or lithium. These are good options that can give rise to a later continued treatment with clozapine.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

IntroductionTrazodone is a heterocyclic antidepressant that exerts its effect via the inhibition of selective serotonin reuptake and the antagonism of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2 C receptors. Antidepressant-induced gynecomastia and galactorrhea and increases in prolactin levels have rarely been reported.Case reportA 73-year-old man presented to the psychiatric clinic with depressive symptoms and insomnia that was the reason that his GP introduced paroxetine 20 mg/day three months before. One month later because the insomnia persisted, trazodone (100 mg/day) was added to the treatment. At a 2-month follow-up, the patient reported improvement in depressive symptoms but also presented gynecomastia on the left side that is non-tender on palpation. No other medications were noted. Laboratory testing was within normal limits, with the exception of on elevated prolactin level (38.2 ng/mL). Ultrasonography indicated normal results. Treatment included the tapering and discontinuation of trazodone with continued paroxetine therapy. Lorazepam was initiated for the treatment of insomnia. Two weeks later, the prolactin level was 13.1 ng/mL and gynecomastia was practically resolved. Lorazepam was initiated for the treatment of insomnia.ConclusionsEffects of trazodone on PRL are unclear, there is one study reported that trazodone increases the PRL level, and another one reported that trazodone reduces them, in our case, the trazodone use led to hyperprolactinemia via hypothalamic postsynaptic receptor stimulation and it should be remembered that gynecomastia and galactorrhea may appear as a rare side effect of trazodone.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

La creciente necesidad de observar la Tierra con mayor detalle supone la aparición de nuevas técnicas para la mejora del valor geométrico de las imágenes, conservando sus características radiométricas. El sector de seguridad y defensa es uno de los sectores estratégicos que requiere de estos avances, pero no los únicos, ya que, al ser capaces de conservar las características radiométricas del dato, la agricultura de precisión constituye un beneficiario clave de dichas mejoras. De esta manera se pueden proporcionar datos e información más detallada de las necesidades específicas de cada cultivo, lo que supone una mejora directa para el agricultor, las empresas agrícolas y el medio ambiente. En este trabajo se aplicaron los métodos Random Forest y XGBoost con el fin de mejorar la resolución de las imágenes GEOSAT-2 conservando sus valores radiométricos. Además, se evaluó la calidad de las imágenes mejoradas. Dicha valoración ha sido llevada a cabo por el equipo de control y evaluación de datos de Copernicus (CQC), permitiendo añadir un nuevo producto a la cartera de productos de GEOSAT, listo para ser integrado dentro de la oferta de datos del programa Copernicus.

Introduction:Disorders of eating behavior can affect all people regardless of socioeconomicor cultural situation. More common in females (90-95 %), has its peak incidencein adolescence. These are processes that can subtly start and go unnoticed atfirst. Objectives:To analyze the clinical, epidemiological, diagnostic approach of the disorder,evolution and treatment of disordered eating behavior. Methods:Review of the subject and recent articles on eating behavior disorders inPsychiatric guides and magazines. Results:The eating behavior disorders arise as a result of three factors: predisposing,precipitating and perpetuating. We must take into account the genetics andfamily history, dissatisfaction with body weight resulting in a restriction ofdiet and multidisciplinary consequences of this disorder (physical, psychological and social) asperpetuating factors. We consider the coexistence of comorbidity betweendisordered eating behavior and personality disorders, mood disorders(depression) and disorders of impulse control. Conclusions:Eating behavior disorders represent a major health problem that threatens thepatient's life. Very important is the rapid detection of the same and theestablishment of treatment. Treatment should be multidisciplinary with thepatient and family, providing information on the approach to the patient, takinginto account the lack of awareness of disease that often exists in patients.

IntroductionCyclic vomiting syndrome (SVC) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by paroxysmal episodes of vomiting, recurrent and cyclical presentation. Although this disorder was first described in children, recently it has increasingly been recognized in adults.ObjectiveTo know the pathogenesis of the syndrome and the optimum approach.MethodTheoretical review and cyclic vomiting syndrome brief statement of a case. This is a man of 51 years for 7 months has repeated episodes of vomiting often than 1 episode for week, with vomiting every 10–15 minutes. The patient is admitted to the neurology department for endless instability and multidirectional nystagmus and right hemispheric deficiency symptoms, with acute renal failure prerenal rehydration and study. While entering data semiotic Wernicke disease are objectified. With replacement therapy meeting evolves favorably at the time of discharge from hospital asymptomatic.DiscussionCVS, in conclusion, is a rare disease in adults whose diagnosis is one of exclusion. The adult presentation usually presents more durable, less frequent episodes. The pathogenesis remains unknown. The optimal treatment is to establish prophylactic migraine medications like amitriptyline. In the prodromal phase, it could be used ketocorolaco or sumatriptan and in the acute phase, ondansetron or lorazepam. Because of the morbidity associated with CVS, in particular the severity of symptoms, it is necessary to conduct more studies in adults.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

No abstract