Objective: To describe spirometric reference equations for healthy Brazilian adults who have never smoked and to compare the predicted values with those derived in 1992. Methods: Reference equations for spirometry were derived in 270 men and 373 women living in eight cities in Brazil. Ages ranged from 20 to 85 years in women and from 26 to 86 years in men. Spirometry examinations followed the recommendations of the Brazilian Thoracic Society. Lower limits were derived by the analysis of the fifth percentiles of the residuals. Results: Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1 ), FEV 1 /FVC and FEV 1 /forced expiratory volume in six seconds (FEV 6 ) were best fitted by linear regression. Flows were best fitted using log equations. For both genders, greater height resulted in lower values for FEV 1 /FVC, FEV 1 /FEV 6 and flow/FVC ratios. The reference values for FEV 1 and FVC in the present study were higher than those derived for Brazilian adults in 1992. Conclusion: New predicted values for forced spirometry were obtained in a sample of white Brazilians. The values are greater than those obtained in 1992, probably due to technical factors.
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are heterogeneous disorders, involving a large number of conditions, the approach to which continues to pose an enormous challenge for pulmonologists. The 2012 Brazilian Thoracic Association ILD Guidelines were established in order to provide Brazilian pulmonologists with an instrument that can facilitate the management of patients with ILDs, standardizing the criteria used for the diagnosis of different conditions and offering guidance on the best treatment in various situations. The objective of this article was to briefly describe the highlights of those guidelines.Keywords: Lung diseases, interstitial; Guidelines as topic; Brazil.
ResumoAs doenças pulmonares intersticiais (DPIs) são afecções heterogêneas, envolvendo um elevado número de condições, cuja abordagem ainda é um grande desafio para o pneumologista. As Diretrizes de DPIs da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia, publicadas em 2012, foram estabelecidas com o intuito de fornecer aos pneumologistas brasileiros um instrumento que possa facilitar a abordagem dos pacientes com DPIs, padronizando-se os critérios utilizados para a definição diagnóstica das diferentes condições, além de orientar sobre o melhor tratamento nas diferentes situações. Esse artigo teve como objetivo descrever resumidamente os principais destaques dessas diretrizes.Descritores: Doenças pulmonares intersticiais; Guias como assunto; Brasil.
Structural, electronic, and optical properties for the cubic, tetragonal, and monoclinic crystalline phases of ZrO 2 , as derived from ab initio full-relativistic calculations, are presented. The electronic structure calculations were carried out by means of the all-electron full potential linear augmented plane wave method, within the framework of the density functional theory and the local density approximation. The calculated carrier effective masses are shown to be highly anisotropic. The results obtained for the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric function, the reflectivity, and the refraction index, show good agreement with the available experimental results. In order to obtain the static dielectric constant of ZrO 2 , we added to the electronic part, the optical phonons contribution, which leads to values of ǫ 1 (0) ≃ 29.5, 26.2, 21.9, respectively along the xx, yy, and zz directions, for the monoclinic phase, in excellent accordance with experiment. Relativistic effects, including the spin-orbit interaction, are demonstrated to be important for a better evaluation of the effective mass values, and in the detailed structure of the frequency dependent complex dielectric function.
A wide range of histological features are found in HP. Typical findings are seen in 45% of cases. Other common patterns are NSIP and centriacinar lesions. Survival is better in patients with NSIP and worse in those with older age, desaturation during exercise, and absence of mosaic pattern/air trapping on HRCT.
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