Three-dimensional domain swapping is a unique protein structural phenomenon where two or more protein chains in a protein oligomer share a common structural segment between individual chains. This phenomenon is observed in an array of protein structures in oligomeric conformation. Protein structures in swapped conformations perform diverse functional roles and are also associated with deposition diseases in humans. We have performed in-depth literature curation and structural bioinformatics analyses to develop an integrated knowledgebase of proteins involved in 3D domain swapping. The hallmark of 3D domain swapping is the presence of distinct structural segments such as the hinge and swapped regions. We have curated the literature to delineate the boundaries of these regions. In addition, we have defined several new concepts like ‘secondary major interface’ to represent the interface properties arising as a result of 3D domain swapping, and a new quantitative measure for the ‘extent of swapping’ in structures. The catalog of proteins reported in 3DSwap knowledgebase has been generated using an integrated structural bioinformatics workflow of database searches, literature curation, by structure visualization and sequence–structure–function analyses. The current version of the 3DSwap knowledgebase reports 293 protein structures, the analysis of such a compendium of protein structures will further the understanding molecular factors driving 3D domain swapping.Database URL: http://caps.ncbs.res.in/3dswap
This study describes a novel integration of aerobic granular
sludge
(AGS) with a gravity-driven membrane (GDM) system at a pilot scale
with a treatment capacity of approximately 150 L per day to treat
raw domestic wastewater. The treatment performance and energy consumption
of the AGS-GDM system were compared to the neighboring full-scale
aerobic membrane bioreactor (AeMBR), treating the same wastewater
at about 4000(±500) m3 per day. The AGS-GDM system
demonstrated superior nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) removal as
compared to the AeMBR. The GDM unit was continuously supplied with
AGS-treated effluent. The GDM unit started with high [ >20 L per
m2 per h (LMH) ] flux, which gradually declined. The flux
remained
quite stable after 15 days reaching 3 LMH after 35 days without any
physical or chemical cleaning. Our results suggest that AGS-GDM is
a viable technology for decentralized wastewater treatment and reuse
in water-scarce regions. The AGS-GDM could easily replace conventional
AeMBR technology in the wastewater treatment and reclamation market.
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