Introduction National cost estimates of osteoporosis and fractures in the U.S. have been based on diverse sets of provider data or selected commercial insurance claims. We sought to characterize prevalence and costs for osteoporosis using a random population-based sample of older adults. Methods A cross-sectional estimate of medical cost was made with 2002 data from the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS). MCBS combines health interviews with claims information from all payers to profile a random sample of 12,700 Medicare recipients. Three cohorts aged 65 or over were defined: 1) patients experiencing a fracture-related claim in 2002; 2) patients with a diagnosis, medication, or self-report for osteoporosis or past hip fracture; and 3) non-case controls. The total cost of patient claims was compared to that of controls using multivariate regression. Results Of 30.2 million elderly Medicare recipients in 2002, 1.6 million (5%) were treated for a fracture that year and an additional 7.2 million (24%) have osteoporosis without a fracture. The estimated mean impact of fractures on annual medical cost was $8600 (95%CI: $6400 to $10,800), implying a U.S. cost of $14 billion ($10 to $17 billion). Half of the non-fracture osteoporosis patients received drug treatment, averaging $500 per treated patient, or $2 billion nationwide. Conclusions The annual cost of osteoporosis and fractures in the U.S. elderly was estimated at $16 billion, using a national 2002 population-based sample. This amount corroborates previous estimates based on substantially different methodologies. Projected to 2008, the national cost of osteoporosis and fractures was $22 billion.

Flares in patients with chronic gout refractory to conventional therapy significantly affect patient work productivity and social activities.

The aim of our study was to discover the health status and healthcare utilisation associated with pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.Patients with CF from five UK CF centres attended two visits, 8-12 weeks apart. They were classified at visit 1 as being in one of the three health states: no current pulmonary exacerbation; ''mild'' (no hospitalisation) pulmonary exacerbation; and ''severe'' (hospitalisation) pulmonary exacerbation. All patients completed the Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised (CFQ-R) and EuroQol (EQ-5D) and a clinical form, and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) was measured at visits 1 and 2. Annual healthcare utilisation data were collected.94 patients of mean¡SD age 28.5¡8.2 yrs and FEV1 58.7¡26.8% were recruited. 60 patients had no pulmonary exacerbation, 15 had a mild and 19 had a severe pulmonary exacerbation at visit 1. EQ-5D and CFQ-R data showed that the worse the exacerbation, the poorer the healthrelated quality of life (HRQoL). There were strong relationships between the CFQ-R and EQ-5D domain scores. The mean rate of pulmonary exacerbations per patient per year was 3.6 (1.5 in hospital and 2.2 at home). The mean length of stay per hospital pulmonary exacerbation was 9 days.As exacerbation status worsens, patients experience worse HRQoL. There is a significant healthcare burden associated with treatment of pulmonary exacerbation and long-term prophylaxis.

ORCs are associated with substantial economic burden, especially for those requiring continuous treatments.

The Fistula First Initiative set a goal of 66% arteriovenous (AV) fistula-based access among US hemodialysis patients. This study modeled the impact of achieving the target AV fistula placement rate on Medicare expenditures and on dialysis patient survival and also reviewed economic disincentives for providers that will inhibit achieving this target.

Analyses revealed substantial variation in SCIT regimens among sites, but the sites had commonalities in the injection process components. SCIT requires patient commitment to a long-term treatment regimen involving numerous clinic visits and resources for administration.

BackgroundElectronic medical records and insurance claims data from the Geisinger Health System were examined to assess the real-world healthcare costs of being overweight or obese at different glycemic stages, including normal glycemia, pre-diabetes (PreD), and type 2 diabetes (T2D).MethodsThe medical history of the sample subjects was segmented into different glycemic stages via diagnosis codes, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c or fasting plasma glucose laboratory results, and use of antidiabetic drugs. Healthcare resource utilization captured by the claims and associated costs (in 2013 values) were examined for each glycemic stage. The association between costs and body mass index (BMI) was estimated by regressions, and adjusted for sociodemographics. We predicted the adjusted incremental annual costs associated with high BMI, relative to normal BMI (18.5–24.9 kg/m2).ResultsWe identified 48,344 adults in normal glycemic stage, 3,085 in the PreD stage, and 9,526 in the T2D stage (mean age 46, 58, and 60 years, respectively; mean BMI 29, 32, and 33 kg/m2, respectively). The adjusted incremental annual costs associated with high BMI relative to normal BMI ranged from $336 for overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2) to $1,850 for class III obesity (≥40 kg/m2) during normal glycemic stage; were only significant for class III ($2,434) during the PreD stage; and ranged from $1,139 for overweight to $4,649 for class III during the T2D stage (all p < 0.05).ConclusionsPositive associations between healthcare costs and BMI levels were observed within each glycemic stage. Management of body weight is important in reducing the overall healthcare costs, especially for subjects with PreD or T2D.

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