Highly luminescing multi-shell semiconductor nanocrystals InP/ZnSe/ZnS Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 073107 (2012) Self-cavity laser oscillations with very low threshold from a symmetric organic crystal waveguide APL: Org. Electron. Photonics 5, 175 (2012) Self-cavity laser oscillations with very low threshold from a symmetric organic crystal waveguideThe pressure dependence of the R 1 ruby fluorescence line has been calibrated at 25"C against the compression of NaC!. Pressures are determined using the Decker equation of state for NaCI. The dependence is linear to 195 kbar following the equation P NaCl = 2. 746(LlA), where P is in kbar and LlA in A. The uncertainty in the value of the slope, dpld A, expressed in terms of a 95% confidence interval is 2.746±0.014 kbar A-I. The coefficient of the quadratic term (LlA)2 is not significantly different from zero; and the quadratic term makes indeed a negligible contribution to the fit. Taking into account the reported uncertainty associated with the Decker equation of state for NaCl, the value of the slope is 2.740±0.016 kbar A -I within a 95% confidence interval.

A rapid, convenient technique for precision pressure measurement in the diamond-anvil high-pressure cell, which makes use of the sharp-line (R-line) luminescence of ruby, has been developed. The observed shift is -0.77 +/-0.03 reciprocal centimeters per kilobar for R(1) and -0.84+/- 0.03 reciprocal centimeters per kilobar for R(2) to lower energy and is approximately linear in the range studied (to 22 kilobars). Line-broadening has been observed in some instances and has been tentatively identified with nonhydrostatic conditions surrounding the ruby sample.

The hydrostatic properties of the materials methanol, isopropyl alcohol, water, sodium chloride, silver chloride, and the binary mixtures pentane-isopentane and methanol-ethanol have been determined in the diamond-anvil pressure cell up to 180 kbar by line-broadening and line-shift measurements of the sharp R1 ruby fluorescence line. A liquid mixture 4 : 1 by volume of methanol : ethanol remains hydrostatic to almost 100 kbar at room temperature. This mixture exceeds the hydrostatic limit of the previous generally accepted fluid, 1 : 1 pentane : isopentane which has a hydrostatic limit of about 70 kbar. Silver chloride and water (ice VII) are better than sodium chloride as pressure-transmitting media, but do not even qualitatively approach hydrostatic conditions much above 70 kbar. The stress sensitivity level of the ruby limits the extent to which slight deviations from hydrostatic conditions can be determined in solid systems and suggests the qualitative nature of the method in characterization of quasihydrostatic states. The equilibrium freezing pressure of methanol at 24°C was redetermined to be 35.8±0.8 kbar.

An optical system for rapid routine pressure measurement is described which utilizes a pressure shift in the sharp R-line fluorescence spectrum of ruby or similar materials. The system, which consists of a standard polarizing microscope and a 1/4 m monochromator with associated photodetection system, is used with the diamond-anvil pressure cell, but can be employed with suitable modification in any pressure system which has optical access. The precision of the pressure measurement in a hydrostatic environment up to 100 kilobar is 0.5 kilobar using ruby as the pressure sensor. This precision is better than the accuracy of the present pressure scale above 40 kilobar. The merits of fluorescent materials other than ruby as pressure sensors are also discussed. A description of a Waspaloy diamond cell with some modifications in design is given. This improved cell and associated techniques extends the pressure range in gasketed systems up to 200 kilobar at room temperature and to moderate pressures at 700° C.

Crystals of a high-pressure form of benzene (benzene 11) were grown in the diamond-anvil pressure cell at elevated temperature and pressure from the transition of solid I to solid II. X-ray precession data were obtained from a single-crystal in the high-pressure cell. At 21 degrees C and about 25 kilobars, benzene II crystallizes in the monoclinic system with a = 5.417 +/- 0.005 angstroms (S.D.), b = 5.376 +/- 0.019 angstroms, c = 7.532 +/- 0.007 angstroms, beta = 110.00 degrees +/- 0.08 degrees , space group P2(1)/ c, Pc= 1.26 grams per cubic centimeter. The crystal structure was solved by generating all possible molecular packing configurations and calculating structure factors, reliability factors, and packing energies for each configuration. This procedure produced a unique solution for the molecular packing of benzene II.

OBJECTIVES: Prophylactic vaccination of youngwomen aged 16 to 26 years with the 9-valent (6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58) human papillomavirus (HPV) virus-like particle (9vHPV) vaccine prevents infection and disease. We conducted a noninferiority immunogenicity study to bridge the findings in young women to girls and boys aged 9 to 15 years.METHODS: Subjects (N = 3066) received a 3-dose regimen of 9vHPV vaccine administered at day 1, month 2, and month 6. Anti-HPV serologic assays were performed at day 1 and month 7. Noninferiority required that the lower bound of 2-sided 95% confidence intervals of geometric mean titer ratios (boys:young women or girls:young women) be .0.67 for each HPV type. Systemic and injection-site adverse experiences (AEs) and serious AEs were monitored.RESULTS: At 4 weeks after dose 3, .99% of girls, boys, and young women seroconverted for each vaccine HPV type. Increases in geometric mean titers to HPV types 6/11/16/18/ 31/33/45/52/58 were elicited in all vaccine groups. Responses in girls and boys were noninferior to those of young women. Persistence of anti-HPV responses was demonstrated through 2.5 years after dose 3. Administration of the 9vHPV vaccine was generally well tolerated. A lower proportion of girls (81.9%) and boys (72.8%) than young women (85.4%) reported injection-site AEs, most of which were mild to moderate in intensity.CONCLUSIONS: These data support bridging the efficacy findings with 9vHPV vaccine in young women 16 to 26 years of age to girls and boys 9 to 15 years of age and implementing genderneutral HPV vaccination programs in preadolescents and adolescents.WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Prophylactic vaccination of young women 16 to 26 years of age with the 9-valent human papillomavirus (HPV)-like particle (9vHPV) vaccine prevents infection and disease with vaccine HPV types.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS: These data support bridging the efficacy findings with 9vHPV vaccine in young women 16 to 26 years of age to girls and boys 9 to 15 years of age and implementation of gender-neutral HPV vaccination programs in preadolescents and adolescents.

Optical and x-ray observations of polyethylene have been made at high pressures and temperatures using a gasketed diamond-anvil cell. The experiments confirm the existence of the high-pressure phase previously postulated by Bassett and Turner. The new phase is hexagonal, with orthohexagonal lattice parameters of a = 8.46 Å and b = 4.88 Å. Comparison with the previously measured volume change indicates that there is a decrease in the c dimension to 2.45 Å per ethylene unit in transforming from orthorhombic to hexagonal structures. The likely implication is that the molecules in the hexagonal phase do not have an all-trans conformation. Chain-extended growth is the result of crystallization from the melt into the hexagonal phase, whereas chain-folded growth is the familiar process of melt crystallization.into the orthorhombic phase. Chain-extended lamellae are observed to grow outwards behind a growing edge with a permanent narrowed profile, showing that the lamellar thickness is determined in a region extending several microns behind the growth front.

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