In
this study, a comprehensive experimental in situ analysis
of the evolution of the occupied and unoccupied density
of states as a function of the charging state of the Li
x≤1CoO2 films has been done by using
synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (SXPS), X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS),
and O K- and Co L
3,2-edges
XANES. Our experimental data demonstrate the change of the Fermi level
position and the Co3d–O2p hybridization under the Li+ removal and provide the evidence for the involvement of the oxygen
states in the charge compensation. Thus, the rigid band model fails
to describe the observed changes of the electronic structure. The
Co site is involved in a Co3+ → Co4+ oxidation
at the period of the Li deintercalation (x ∼
0.5), while the electronic configuration at the oxygen site is stable
up to 4.2 V. Further lowering of the Fermi level promoted by Li+ extraction leads to a deviation of the electronic density
of states due to structural distortions, and the top of the O2p bands
overlaps the Co3d state which is accompanied by a hole transfer to
the O2p states. The intrinsic voltage limit of LiCoO2 has
been determined, and the energy band diagram of Li
x≤1CoO2 vs the evolution of the Fermi level
has been built. It was concluded that Li
x
CoO2 cannot be stabilized at the deep Li deintercalation
even with chemically compatible solid electrolytes.
We investigate the dynamics of a spin-orbit (SO) coupled BECs in a time dependent harmonic trap and show the dynamical system to be completely integrable by constructing the Lax pair. We then employ gauge transformation approach to witness the rapid oscillations of the condensates for a relatively smaller value of SO coupling in a time independent harmonic trap compared to their counterparts in a transient trap. Keeping track of the evolution of the condensates in a transient trap during its transition from confining to expulsive trap, we notice that they collapse in the expulsive trap. We further show that one can manipulate the scattering length through Feshbach resonance to stretch the lifetime of the confining trap and revive the condensate. Considering a SO coupled state as the initial state, the numerical simulation indicates that the reinforcement of Rabi coupling on SO coupled BECs generates the striped phase of the bright solitons and does not impact the stability of the condensates despite destroying the integrability of the dynamical system.
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