The colony foundation and development, and pattern of young and established nests of Odontotermes obesus and O. wallonensis were investigated. Swarming of alates of both the species occurred during pre-monsoon (April/May) and continued throughout the wet months. After pairing, alates of both the species selected sites in crevices of the soil or in loose soil for the foundation of a colony. The active construction of the mound was observed during the cool hours of the day in rainy months. The young nests of O. obesus was conical-shaped with one or more conical turrets, whereas it was dome-shaped with one or two domes like turrets in O. wallonensis. In young colonies, the fungus combs were aggregated in the central cavity and the royal chamber was situated beneath usually at the centre. The established nests of both the species were extended by addition of vaults, galleries, runways, etc. The mound nest was extended in vertical direction in O. obesus, whereas it was extended horizontally in O. wallonensis. Resume-La mise en place et le developpement ainsi que le schema des nids jeunes et etablis de VOdontotermes obesus et de X 1 Odontotermes wallonensis ont ete etudies. L'essaimage des ailes des deux especes a ete lieu pendant la pre-mousson (avril/mai) et jusque la fin de la mousson. Apres l'accouplement, les ailes des deux especes choisissaient les emplacements dans les crevasses du sol, ou dans le sol detache, pour la formation de la coionie. La construction du tas de terre se poursuivait activement pendant les heures fraiches du jour durant les mois des la mousson. Les nids jeunes d'Odontotermes obesus sont eonique avec une ou plusiers tourelles, tandis qu'il etait de la forme du dome avec une ou deux tourelles-domes en cas d'Odontotermes wallonensis. Aux colonies jeunes, la rassemblent des meules a champigons a ete observes dans la cavite centrale: au-dessous ne etait la chambre royale, normalement au centre. Les nids etablis des deux especes sont encore elargis par ('addition des voutes, des galleries, des pistes, etc. Le tas du nid s'etend dans la direction verticale d'O. obesus tandis qu'il etait de la forme du horizontale en O. wallonensis.
Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a major concern in present day clinical practice. They are inevitable consequences of drug therapy; as no pharmacotherapeutic agent is completely free from noxious and unintended effects. They are major contributors for morbidity, mortality and hospitalization of the patients increasing the economic burden on the society and uncertainty in clinical outcomes.Methods: This was a retrospective observational study, extending over 6 months (September 2016 to February 2017). A total of 290 cases were studied, excluding the geriatric age group. The data was collected using CDSCO ADR reporting form. A comparison of ADR between males and females was made; based on the organ system affected and the category of drug using “proportion test”.Results: The study showed the ADR incidence was equal in both sexes (≈50%). It was observed that majority ADRs were from gastro intestinal system (39%) followed by CNS (20%) and skin and soft tissue (14%). Constipation was found to be the most common of the reported ADRs (18%) followed by vomiting (9%) and diarrhoea (8%).Conclusions: ADRs are a major cause of morbidity worldwide. Several studies; including the present one, has shown GIT to be the most common system affected. Frequency of ADRs can be reduced by careful follow up and a robust hospital based pharmacovigilance setup.
Mono-and di-galactosyl diglycerides are the major lipid components of chloroplasts and, in contrast with phospholipids, these plant galactolipids contain unsaturated fatty acids, usually ac-linolenate, in both the 1-and the 2-position of the diglyceride moiety (Sastry & Kates, 1964). Although it has been shown in spinach that monogalactosyl diglyceride is synthesized from diglyceride and UDP-galactose (Neufeld & Hall, 1964; Ongun & Mudd, 1968), the enzymic mechanisms for the biosynthesis of the dilinolenin moiety in monogalactosyl diglyceride are not clearly understood.Dialysed spinach (Tetragonia expansa) leaf homogenate and chloroplast preparations were found to incorporate 1-14C-labelled palmitate, stearate, oleate and linolenate into monogalactosyl diglyceride. This incorporation was much higher in the chloroplast fraction. It was enhanced by CoA and ATP. The activity increased with time, showing that it was enzymic, and was optimum at 30°C. A higher rate of incorporation was obtained with unsaturated fatty acids than with saturated fatty acids. Addition of galactosyl glycerol significantly stimulated the incorporation of oleate and linolenate only. These studies indicate the possible existence of deacylation and reacylation with specific fatty acids as a mechanism for attaining the peculiar fatty acid distribution in monogalactosyl diglyceride of higher plants. Neufeld Information on the lipid composition ofdeveloping human brain, particularly during its intrauterine growth, is scanty. Whatever data available so far are concerned mainly with the quantitative changes in various lipids. However, it is equally important to consider the qualitative changes in these lipids that would be reflected in the fatty acid constituents of given class of lipids. An attempt has therefore been made to determine the fatty acid composition of various classes of lipids in different regions (namely cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla oblongata) of brains of foetuses aged 13, 22, 26, 30, 34 and 40 weeks. The extracted lipids were fractionated into neutral lipids (cholesteryl esters, glycerides etc.), glycolipids and phospholipids on a silicic acid column. The fatty acid pattern, after methanolysis of these fractions, was determined by g.l.c. in a column packed with diethylene glycol succinate in Chromosorb W. The fatty acid profile of neutral lipids indicated palmitate, stearate and oleote as major components in all the regions of brain studied. This trend remained almost constant with the progress of gestation. Analysis of the glycolipid fraction showed that lignocerate (C24:0) and nervonate (C24:1) were absent at earlier periods of intrauterine life, but made their appearance towards term, though at a much lower concentration than expected. Studies with the phospholipid fraction also pointed out palmitate, stearate and oleate as predominant components and this pattern did not alter with the gestational age. Analysis offatty acids in the glycolipid fraction of the brain of a child (4 years old) who had died of kwashiorkor reveal...
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