The applications of microwave processing of electrode materials for Li-ion batteries have been reviewed. This paper intends to insist at the advantages of the microwave processing and its credentials for commercialization. In order to achieve successive commercialization/ industrial application, a systematic understanding of the microwave processing becomes imperative. In the advent of this, an extensive study on the behavior of material in electromagnetic field has been presented. Microwave processing of various materials like lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium titanium oxide and their derivatives, copper bismuth oxide, antimony sulfide, and tin oxide graphite has been reviewed in detail. Also, the dependence of microwave processing in operating frequency, geometry, preheating, soaking time, susceptor material, and single (or) multimode cavity has been reviewed.
LiSm x Mn 2-x O 4 samples were synthesized via coprecipitation technique. The structural properties of the synthesized materials were studied using X-ray diffraction analysis and it confirmed the cubic spinel structure for all the compounds. The lattice parameter of LiMn 2 O 4 was observed to be 8.2347 Ǻ and it decreased with Sm 3+ concentration, due to the shrinkage in cell volume aided by higher binding energy between Sm-O bond. The SEM micrographs were analyzed using Image processing software (Image-J) to ascertain the pore and grain properties. The microwave synthesis had been observed to control the bulk grain formation and had yielded lesser porous and nanoparticles. The particle size distributions obtained through photocross correlation laser diffraction analysis had shown that LiMn 2 O 4 with 60 nm and Sm-doped compounds with ∼30 nm, respectively. The cyclic voltammetry studies had revealed the decrease in electrocatalytic behavior in the initial cycle for compounds doped with Sm 3 + ion. The initial capacities of LiMn 2 O 4 , LiSm 0.05 Mn 1.95 O 4 and LiSm 0.10 Mn 1.90 O 4 substituted compounds were observed to be 134.87 mAhg −1 , 132.22 mAhg −1 and 126.41 mAhg −1 , respectively. The cells were simulated using 1D model namely Dualfoil5.1 program. The simulated results coincide well with the measured results. The cycle life studies reveal 93% capacity retention of samarium-0.05-doped samples when compared with 78.4% of the LiMn 2 O 4 .
LiNd x Mn 2−x O 4 samples are synthesized via co-precipitation technique. The activation energies computed from thermogravimetric analyses on the basis of Ozawa method have been observed to linearly increase with increase in dopant concentration. X-ray diffraction analyses indicate the cubic-spinel structure for all the samples. The lattice parameter has been observed to decrease with increasing concentration of Nd 3+ doping. The octahedral site preference of neodymium dopant in the LiMn 2 O 4 structure has been elucidated using XRD and FT-IR studies. The porosity and surface roughness obtained from SEM analysis have been observed to decrease with increase in Nd 3+ dopant concentration in LiMn 2 O 4 lattice. The electrochemical performances of the electrodes were analysed through cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry and electrochemical impedance techniques. The specific capacity has been observed to decrease initially with increase in Nd 3+ dopant concentration, whereas the capacity retention has increased with increase in dopant concentration. The observed percentage capacity retention after 50 cycles of the electrodes LiNd 0•05 Mn 1•95 O 4 , LiNd 0•10 Mn 1•90 O 4 and LiNd 0•15 Mn 1•85 O 4 were 88•4%, 97•1% and 96•8%, respectively. The Li ion diffusion coefficient ascertained using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was found to be higher for LiNd 0•10 Mn 1•90 O 4 around 3•74 × 10 −12 cm 2 s −1 .
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.