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In 1961, trees of Frost Nucellar ‘Washington’ navel orange on Troyer Citrange rootstock were planted at eleven different spacings to determine the effect of tree spacing on growth, production, and fruit quality. Growth rate as measured by trunk circumference was proportional to decreasing tree density or increased spacing. The wider the spacing, the greater was the trunk circumference and the fruit-bearing capacity of the tree. Shading of skirt foliage, as closely planted trees began to crowd, caused the skirts to die and decreased production. Pruning to keep these trees from crowding reduced yield in proportion to the amount of foliage removed. Removal of alternate trees in the two most densely planted spacings, 9 ft. × 11 ft. and 11 ft. × 11 ft., reduced competition and allowed more light to reach the remaining trees. Skirt foliage regrew and yield per-tree and per-acre increased. Fruit colored faster and was larger on the widely spaced trees, where less shading had occurred, than on closely spaced trees. Fruit quality analysis showed no difference in percent of juice, soluble solids, acid, or rag, or in peel and rind thickness. The closest spacings, 9 ft. × 11 ft., 9 ft. × 15 ft. and 11 ft. × 11 ft., operated at a net loss for the first five years of production. Although per tree production was highest on the widest spacing, 22 ft. × 22 ft., net returns per acre on this spacing are still low because of the number of trees per acre. The 11 ft. × 22 ft. spacing with 180 trees per acre had the largest net income per acre.

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Telecollaboration via web-based platforms has emerged as a tool to relieve constraints on the establishment of tumor boards for neurosurgical oncology. Challenging tumor cases arising in low-and middle-income countries may benefit from the use of such models. The case of a 5-year-old boy presenting in Western Kenya with a challenging tumor and symptomatic hydrocephalus was presented on a novel web platform to a multi-national audience of neurosurgeons. The treating neurosurgeon invited a physician network to review the case vignette and radiographic images. Respondents independently offered input during a prescribed response period. Three respondents provided surgical opinions during a 24-h response period. The treating neurosurgeon utilized the pooled input to determine a course of action for the patient. When a web-based platform is available, lone neurosurgeons in low-resource settings may nevertheless apply multi-national, multi-institutional perspectives to challenging oncology cases.

No abstract