We may conclude that co-administration of zinc and folic acid significantly improved sperm parameters and increased varicocelectomy outcomes. So, medical treatment with compatible drugs after surgery might be advantageous for obtaining acceptable results.

Varicocele is among the most common problems which may lead to male infertility. Spermatogenesis is impaired as a consequence of this vascular defect, through mechanisms that are not well described. This study aimed to evaluate serum hormonal level (inhibin B, FSH and testosterone) and seminal plasma antioxidant defence levels after folic acid and zinc sulphate administration in varicocelectomised patients. Participants were randomly allocated to four experimental groups. Our randomisation schedule was as follows: zinc sulphate/folic acid, folic acid, zinc sulphate and placebo. The patients underwent varicocelectomy, before which a blood and semen sample were obtained and also three and six months after varicocelectomy for evaluation of blood hormonal level (FSH, testosterone, inhibin B) and seminal oxidative stress status (nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity). Patients in different groups took orally one capsule per day after dinner following varicocelectomy for 6 months. A significant rise in peripheral blood inhibin B and seminal plasma activity was detected in the zinc sulphate/folic acid group after 6 months. The present clinical trial indicates a change in the hormonal status of varicocelectomised patients following long-term administration of zinc sulphate and folic acid.

The prevalence of cigarette and alcohol consumption is high among young adult males during the reproductive period. The current study aimed to evaluate the impact of concurrent chronic administration of nicotine and ethanol on the quality of sperm in the rat. Fifty healthy Wistar male rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 10) and were given the following for a period of 50 days: ethanol (E), nicotine (N), ethanol and nicotine (E/N); the control group (C) and an intact (I) group. Body weight as well as the weight, volume and dimensions of the testes and the weight of the cauda epididymidis and vas deference were measured. The concentration, motility, viability and membrane integrity of sperm were also assessed. There were no significant differences between body weight and all testis parameters including weight, volume and dimensions. The concentration and motility of sperm in the E/N group was significantly reduced compared with the control group (P < 0.01). Nevertheless, only a marginally significant decrease in sperm viability was found in the E/N group compared with the control group. The study indicates that concurrent chronic administration of ethanol and nicotine may disturb male reproductive function.

Purpose Testicular ischemia is the main consequence of testicular torsion, in both clinical and experimental aspects. Preservation and auto-transplantation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) could be a new treatment for infertility in testicular ischemia following testicular torsion. Methods To apply the idea in this study, animals were randomly divided into four groups of control, sham, with torsion, and with torsion followed by transplantation (TT). Isolated SSCs from neonatal mice were cultured and identified by flow cytometry (C-KIT − , INTEGRIN β 1 + ) and RT-PCR (Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) for specific spermatogonial cell markers (Oct4, Gfrα-1, Plzf, Vasa, Itgα 6 , and Itgβ 1 ). SSCs were transplanted upon a 2-h testicular torsion in the TT group. Cultured cells were transplanted into ischemia reperfusion testicle 2 weeks post-testicular torsion. Eight weeks after SSCs transplantation, the SSCs-transplanted testes and epididymis were removed for sperm analysis, weight and histopathological evaluation, and pre-and postmeiotic gene expression assessment by qRT-PCR. Results Our findings indicated that all evaluated parameters (epididymal sperm profile, Johnsen score, Plzf, Gfrα-1, Scp-1, Tekt-1 expressions, and histopathological profile) were significantly decreased following testicular torsion (group 3) when compared to the control group (p ≤ 0.05). However, all abovementioned parameters showed a significant increase/improvement in torsion-transplantation group compared to torsion group. However, these parameters in Capsule SSCs transplantation increase relative expression of pre-/postmeiotic genes and improve sperm parameters and testis structure in testicular torsion-detorsion mice.Summary sentence SSCs transplantation increase relative expression of pre-/post-meiotic genes and improve sperm parameters and testis structure in the ischemic condition. the TT group were significantly lower in the sham and control groups (p ≤ 0.05).Conclusion SSCs transplantation could up-regulate the expression of pre-and post-meiotic genes in testicular ischemia, which resulted in improvement of both testicular function and structure after testicular torsion.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dopamine as vasodilator, vitamin C as an antioxidant and combined administration of them on ischaemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury following testicular torsion (TT). Thirty adult male rats were divided into six groups each containing five rats. Testicular ischaemia was achieved by twisting the left testis for 4 h. Group 1 was for determination of the basal values. Group 2 had 4 h TT. Group 3 had 4 h TT and was then treated with dopamine. Group 4 had 4 h TT and was then treated with vitamin C. Group 5 had 4 h TT and was then treated with dopamine and vitamin C. Group 6 was designed as a sham operated group. Testicular torsion caused a significant decrease in the percentage of spermatogenesis and seminiferous tubules diameters compared with the control and sham groups. Administration of dopamine, vitamin C and their combination increased above mentioned parameters and decreased serum malondialehyde levels significantly. However, vitamin C had better results than the other treatments (P < 0.05). In conclusion, a potent antioxidant like vitamin C was found to be more effective than increasing blood flow by a vasodilator like dopamine on improving I-R injury following TT.

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