Anatase titania (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles were prepared from natural minerals (rutile sand) using acid extraction by sol-gel method. The obtained X-ray diffraction results show that the particle possesses crystallite size of 12 nm. The colloidal silica and TiO 2 nanoparticle-embedded colloidal silica solutions were prepared using sol-gel method followed by sonication process. The particle size was measured for the prepared colloidal TiO 2 /SiO 2 sol. The prepared solution was coated on the surface of the cotton fabric through pad-dry-cure method. Elemental analysis confirms the presence of TiO 2 /SiO 2 nanocomposite along with cellulose on the surface of the fabric. The washing durability of the coated fabrics after fifth and 10th washes indicates that the nanoparticles strongly adhered to the fabric surface. The ultraviolet resistance, burning performance, and antibacterial activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria of TiO 2 /SiO 2 -coated fabric were found to be better than those of un-coated fabrics before and after washing.

Mesoporous high-surface-area silica (SiO2) nanoparticles were produced from natural quartz sand (orthoquartzite) using three processing methods namely sol–gel, sonication, and spray pyrolysis.

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Al2O3‐stabilized tetragonal ZrO2 nanoparticles were obtained through hot‐air spray pyrolysis and characterized after postsynthesized treatments. The produced nanoparticles were 26 nm in size with surface area of 59 m2/g. A multilayer thermal barrier coating of nanostructured Al2O3‐ZrO2‐embedded silicate was applied to the mild steel (EN3) specimen using spin‐coating technique and characterized comprehensively employing X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. The Al2O3‐stabilized ZrO2 with silicate matrix facilitates the formation of zirconium silicate nanostructured surface‐protective coating on EN3 specimen. The Al2O3‐ZrO2/SiO2 matrix‐based hybrid inorganic coating shows effective thermal barrier for EN3 after firing at a high temperature of 600°C.

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