Rice (Oryza sativa) is the second staple food largely grown and widely consumed in Pakistan. About 10% of the total crop area of Pakistan is cultivated by rice that takes a part in value addition of almost 1.3%-1.6% in the total Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Due to global warming, temperature has a profound impact on rice crop phenology. Low temperature is the main factor of delay in rice plant growth and very high temperature results in stressed and short heighted plant so the crop sown in a region at the same time is not ready to harvest at same hours but a delay is observed. The study area under investigation was district Sheikhupura, Nankana, Lahore, Gujranawala and Hafizabad, which are famous for rice productivity. Landsat 7, 8 freely available thermal dataset are used to calculated pixel based temperature values to evaluate growth using agricultural growth indicators. The total covered area was 13,480 km 2 in which 484 km 2 area was marked as less growth rate area with low temperature values due to water body and excess of vegetation over there. About 7960 km 2 area is marked as good for growth experiencing optimum temperature for rice plant. Approximately 4944 km 2 area is marked as stressed rice plant area experiencing high temperature values adjacent to urban population. An attempt is made here to map this effect of temperature-based growth variability of the rice plant across the study area.
Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) meets about 30% of the global demand for sucrose while potato (Solanum tuberosum) is the world's fourth staple food crop contributing to a significant proportion of global food needs. As world population increases, increasing the yields of these crops sustainably is important, providing it is not to the detriment of the environment and farm profitability. Despite its potential contribution towards sustainable intensification, few farmers have adopted precision agriculture (PA) approaches in these crops. This paper reviews and discusses the scope and challenges of implementing PA in sugar beet and potato. The main challenges identified are: the general paucity of yield maps especially for sugar beet; the difficulty of detecting the underground yield components of root crops by remote sensing; the ability of root crops to absorb water and nutrients from deep in the soil; and changes in the EU support to sugar beet farmers. The crops are, however, grown in large areas, mostly in developed countries that have more access to PA techniques and technologies, so that there is a good scope for adaptation. For example, existing PA techniques of weed control, nutrient management and irrigation could be adapted for root crops. Future research should focus on overcoming these challenges, evaluate commercial application of PA techniques to root crops and examine the possibility of early detection of crop stress.
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