This study investigated the neurotoxic effects of permethrin on the cerebellum, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of Wistar rats and its effects on some behavioral patterns. Fifteen adult male Wistar rats were grouped into three categories: Group A received 0.1 mL normal saline (control), and Groups B and C received mixed feed with 500 mg/kg and 1,000 mg/kg of 0.6% permethrin, respectively, for 14 days. The animals were assessed for memory, anxiety and exploratory locomotion and thereafter anesthetized and transcardially perfused with normal saline and 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA). Cerebellum, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were excised from the whole brain and processed for tissue histology, histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Oxidative status and lipid peroxidation were also assessed using catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde as biomarkers. Results revealed dosedependent decrease in body weights but increase in cerebellar and prefrontal weights, depletion of endogenous antioxidant markers, cognitive deficits, reduced locomotor activities, degenerative changes in the microarchitecture at high doses and presence of chromatolytic cells at both low and high doses of permethrin. Astrocytes were activated while synaptophysin expression was downregulated. Permethrin causes dose-dependent neurotoxicity on the morphology, neurochemistry and oxidative status of different brain regions, and these could affect behavioral performance and other neurologic functions.
Plant extracts as potential phytotherapeutic products are supposed to be safe. However, adverse and untoward fatal effects have been reported. Study aimed to evaluate the safety and toxicity of aqueous extracts of Camellia sinensis, Parquetina nigrescens and Telfairia occidentalis leaves. The extracts were subjected to brine shrimp lethality bioassay and toxicities by Lorke's method. Mice were given oral leaves extracts of C. sinensis (1000, 2000, 4000 mg/kg and 700, 1400, 2800 mg/kg); P. nigrescens (3000, 6000, 12000 mg/kg and 2000, 4000, 8000 mg/kg) and T. occidentalis (2500, 5000, 10,000 mg/kg and 1750, 3500, 7000 mg/kg) for acute and Sub-acute toxicity studies respectively. Toxicity was observed for the first 4hrs, then over a period of 24hrs and at least once daily for 14 days extended to 28 days. General behavior, adverse effects and mortality observed and evaluated throughout the experimental period. Camellia sinensis (LC50=418.6 µg/mL) with least toxicity on the brine shrimps compared to P. nigrescens (LC50=32.34 µg/mL) and T. occidentalis (LC50=8.32 µg/mL). LD50 of the extracts; 2800, 8000 and 7000 mg/kg for C. sinensis, P. nigrescens and T. occidentalis respectively. No death, No changes in body and relative organ weights. However, C. sinensis and T. occidentalis significantly increased in Haemoglobin (C. sinensis: 15.90 ± 0.33 (p < 0.00) and T. occidentalis: 14.67 ± 0.22 (p < 0.01)), PCV (C. sinensis: 46.20 ± 1.02 and T. occidentalis: 44.00 ± 0.71 (p < 0.00)), RBC (C. sinensis: 5.55 ± 0.12 and T. occidentalis: 5.49 ± 0.12 (p < 0.00)). No histomorphological changes in the vital organs except P. nigrescens with mild kidney interstitial fibrosis, mild glomerular hypercellularity and mild liver microhemorrhages. Various doses of the extracts did not cause mortality or serious signs of toxicity in mice.
Background: The relationship between iron, hypoxia, inflammation, and erythropoietin in cellular homeostasis is well documented. Patients on radiotherapy are known with active immune/inflammatory disorders often accompanied with reduced iron uptake or unavailability of circulatory iron and hence, must be adequately evaluated. The present study hypothesized “aqueous extracts of Camellia sinensis, Telfairia occidentalis and Parquetina nigrescens have chemical properties of ameliorating and restoring to normal, functional iron deficiency sequel to Cobalt 60 irradiation effect”. Materials and Methods: Fifty-Five young male guinea-pigs approximately 450 gram in weight were recruited and thirty were randomly assigned to 3 groups (A, B and C) for the study. Groups A and B were further divided into 4 (A1-4 and B1-4) with 3 animals (n=3) per group. Three guinea-pigs were also assigned to group C. Groups A and B belonged to Pre and post-irradiation groups while groups C served as control. Each animal was given 400r (4.0 Gy) whole-body gamma-irradiation under general anaesthesia, using a Co60 therapy unit as a source. Groups A1, A2, A3 and A4 had 1,400 mg/kg C. sinensis, 4000 mg/kg P. nigrescens, 3,500 mg/kg T. occidentalis and Combined dose (1,400 mg/kg C. sinensis + 400 mg/kg P. nigrescens + 3,500 mg/kg T. occidentalis) respectively twice daily 72 hours prior to irradiation and continued throughout the 14 days of the study. Groups B1, B2, B3 and B4 had similar treatment but commenced 24 hours after exposure to radiation and likewise continued throughout the 14 days of the study. Group C were not given any treatment but also had irradiation. Results: Total Iron Binding Capacity, Ferritin, Serum Transferrin receptor and Iron were all increased significantly for all the extracts pre and post irradiation. However, C-reactive protein decreased significantly. Conclusion: Aqueous extracts of Camellia sinensis, Parquetina nigrescens and Telfairia occidentalis leaves have good ameliorating effect on irradiation-induced injuries.
Introduction: Influence of Blood storage lesions on Red Blood Cells transfusion recovery and therapeutic efficacies have been well documented. Several stabilizing additives to counteract or minimize these untoward changes have been formulated. Despite these stabilizers, detectable hemolysis occurs in the blood stored in the blood bank hence, need for search on other contributing factors. Assessment of the effects of Blood Donation Frequencies and Types of Blood Donors on Storage Lesions as Assessed by the Level of Antioxidants and Lipid Peroxidation. Materials and Methods: Ethically approved cross sectional experimental research on a total numbers of 120 recruited male of family replacement donors (n=30) and Remunerated donors (n=90). Remunerated donors were grouped into three (3) based on the frequency of donation per year as mild (n=30), moderate (n=30) and high frequency (n=30) donors. Four hundred and fifty milliliters (450 ml) of blood drawn from each donor into double blood bag containing CPDA-1 anticoagulant. 100 ml of well mixed blood was transferred into the satellite bag, detached and stored in the blood bank at 2-6 C for 35 days. The blood samples analyzed for MDA, TAP, URIC, and GSH at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days of storage. Results: In the recruited donors, majority were above 40 years of age where family donors had secondary education, government employed; feed majorly on carbohydrate, none alcohol drinkers, none cigarette smokers with history of donating more than four years before the study and less than four times donation frequency per year. Remunerated blood donors had primary education, self-employed, moderate alcohol drinkers and moderate cigarette smokers donating more than four times a year and more than four years donation experience. In this study, the GPX, TAP and Uric acids for family were higher than remunerated at baseline and the values decrease across the week for both categories. MDA value for family was lower than remunerated donors at baseline and the values increase across the week for both categories. Conclusion: This study established variation in oxidant and antioxidants levels in whole blood stored up to 5 weeks influenced by Blood Donation Frequencies and Types of Blood Donors on Storage Lesions.
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