Hormones are thought to primarily influence cancer risk by regulating the pace of cell division, cell differentiation, and the amount of cancer-vulnerable cells. Higher insulin levels and cortisol have been linked to some cancers, including breast cancer. Here, we evaluated the relationship between insulin and cortisol signaling and cancer, as well as the effect of these two hormones on organs, subcellular elements, and the process of carcinogenesis. We also consider the time points to prevent and cure breast cancer in insulin signaling. The ultimate objective is to enhance general health. Insulin and cortisol levels were tested and the results showed much higher insulin levels in breast cancer patients compared with control (p<0.001), whereas cortisol levels tested were lower in breast cancer patients compared with control with no statistically significant changes (p>0.05).

Native and foreign microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites, are actively protected by the immune system. This defense can however be improperly misdirected against tissues and cells in some people, giving rise to autoimmunity and eventually autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune disorders are a wide variety of illnesses which can affect any part of the body, either localized (such as thyroiditis) or systemic to specific organs or tissues and affect several organs or tissues (such as systemic lupus erythematosus). As an example of autoimmune diseases that affect the voluntary muscles, myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune neuromuscular junction disease (NMJ) triggered by antibodies that target postsynaptic membrane components, impede neuromuscular transmission and contribute to skeletal muscle weakness and fatigue. Here is a review of the past and clinical aspects of MG to explain the mechanisms of AChR, MuSK and Lrp4 antibodies, the history and clinical aspects of MG are explored with an emphasis on the structure and role of myasthenic autoantigens at the NMJ and how they are influenced by the pathogenic mechanisms of the autoantibodies.