Soils degraded physically and nutritionally due to continuous use of chemical fertilizers under intensive agricultural. Management of N is the key for sustainable and profitable wheat production in a low N-soil availability. So a field experiment was conducted on a clay soil using wheat (Triticum aestivum) Giza 168 variety during 2008 / 2009 season at Agricultural Experimental Station of Fac. Agric, Mansoura Univ., to study the influence of combined use of mineral fertilizers (urea) and organic fertilizers in the form of farmyard manure (FYM), composted rice straw (CRS) and their combinations on wheat productivity, nutrients availability and monitoring soil organic matter (SOM) status in soil at certain times 45, 88 and 155 days from wheat planting. The randomize complete blocks design with three replications was used. The mineral fertilizer (urea) was applied at the rate of N1=60 and N2=120 kg urea fed-1 .The amounts of various organic fertilizers used were (10 and 20 m 3 fed-1), for both FYM and CRS. Organic fertilizers added either alone or in combinations with urea to the soil. Results indicated that the maximum increase in grain yield (54.66 and 56.55 % over untreated control) and straw yield (1660.50 and 1710.99 g.m 2) were recorded with N2FYM2 and N2CRS2 respectively. All combination of organic (FYM or CRS) and inorganic fertilizers gave the optimum availability of NH4 + , NO3-, P, K concentration in soil beside the enhancement of soil organic matter percentage (SOM) as compared to the other treatments.
The concentrations of cadmium (Cd 2+), nickel (Ni 2+) and Lead (Pb 2+) in different organs of rice plant were investigated by field experiments. Data showed that the highest yield of rice grain was recorded by the application of 21.42 tons farmyard manure (FYM) plus 357 kg urea.ha-1 as compared with the other treatments. Roots accumulated more Pb 2+ , Ni 2+ and Cd 2+ than straw and grains at harvest stage of rice growth. Pb 2+ , Ni 2+ and Cd 2+ concentration in rice plant organs (root, straw and grain) increased with increasing levels of FYM either alone or in combined with urea compared with the control. Pb 2+ concentrations in straw do not exceed the critical limits of pollution with FYM added to the soil either separated or combined with urea. However, rice grains were slightly polluted at 21.42 tons FYM plus 238 kg urea.ha-1 and 21.42 tons FYM plus 357 kg urea.ha-1. Ni 2+ concentration in rice grain and straw do not exceed the critical limits with all treatments .Cd 2+ concentration in rice straw do not exceed the critical limits of Cd 2+ at all addition levels of FYM added to the soil whether levels separated or integrated with urea, however Cd 2+ concentration in rice grain was polluted at 21.42 tons plus 238 kg urea.ha-1 , 14.28 tons FYM plus 357 kg urea.ha-1 and 21.42 tons FYM urea.ha-1. Integration of 14.28 tons FYM plus 238 kg urea.ha-1 do not exceed the critical limits of the concentration of Pb 2+ , Ni 2+ and Cd 2+ in different organs of rice plant.
A filed experiment was conducted to determine the effect of different nitrogen and potassium levels on the yield and its component and quality traits of three bread wheat cultivars Sakha 93, Sakha 94 and Giza 168 at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, ARC, during the two successive seasons 2004/2005 and 2005/2006. Nitrogen doses used were 0, 50, 75 and 100 kg N/fad and potassium levels were 0 and 24 kg P2O5/fed. The results indicated that Sakha 94 gave the highest number of kernel/spike, number of spikes/m 2 and grain yield/fed. and it was the latest in heading. Increasing nitrogen levels up to 100 kg N/fad. resulted in significant gradual increase in days to heading and days to maturity, plant height, number of spikes/m 2 , number of kernels/spike, and grain yield/fad. There was no significant effect for potassium fertilization levels on the tested agronomic characters.All fertilizing treatments resulted in increasing crude protein, total soluble protein (albumins, globulins, gliadins and glutemins), non-soluble protein, and the grain storability (aging test). Gluten quality (gliadins and glutenins) was also improved. At higher nitrogen and potassium fertilization levels, there was a negative correlation between storability, crude protein, total soluble protein, non-soluble protein, gluten quality and each of carbohydrate and oil content in grains. However, interaction of nitrogen fertilizer supply and cultivar had a significant effect on gluten quality, and most quality characters.
The effects of anion types and concentrations on hydraulic properties should be understood in order to model mean soil pore diameter in reactive soils subsequently develop guidelines as an indicator of soil structural stability for sustainable land application of wastewater. Thus, a laboratory experiment was carried out during 2011 in Soils Dept., Faculty of Agric., Mansoura Univ., Egypt, by using an alluvial loamy soil to study the relationship between saturated hydraulic conductivity Ks and mean soil pore diameter (MPD) under three types of sodium salts [0, NaCl, (Na)2SO4] and three rates of nitrogen fertilizer as ammonium sulfate (ASF) [0, 100, 150 Kg fed-1 ]. The obtained results illustrated that the structural degradation is a function of electrolyte concentration, sodicity and the combined anion of sodium salts. According to that, all the treatments caused a decreasing in MPD subsequently decreasing in the saturated Ks. Correlation coefficients and regression equations were developed to study the dependence of Ks on some physical parameters (MPD and ρb) in studied soil. The mixed NaCl and ASF treatments were the most effective on decreasing MPD and Ks as compared to control, as a result to the specific effect of chloride anion.
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