Background. Nitrates and nitrites are found in soil, water, human food, dyes, and medicines. In the literature, both positive and negative effects from the ingestion of nitrates and nitrites into the body are considered. A nitrite model of Alzheimer's type dementia of vascular origin was used in the work. Objective. The aim of the study was to study the morphofunctional state of the adrenal glands of experimental animals with prolonged administration of sodium nitrite. The study was carried out on male rats of the WAG population, which were divided into 3 groups: gr. N-14 - received injections of a water solution of sodium nitrite at a dose of 50 mg / kg of body weight daily for 14 days; gr. N-28 - Rats received similar injections for 28 days. Injections are intraperitoneal. Control rats were injected with 0.9% sodium chloride solution. Results. In animals of the main groups, the formation of a morphofunctional picture of the development of a stress reaction takes place, which was also confirmed morphometrically, and in group N-28 - with signs of incipient decompensation of the medulla and the fascicular zone of the adrenal cortex. Conclusion. When simulating Alzheimer's disease in laboratory rats by the introduction of a water solution of sodium nitrite at a dose of 50 mg / kg of body weight by daily intraperitoneal injection for 14 and 28 days, a picture of their morphofunctional activation is formed in the medulla and fascicular zone of the adrenal cortex. In the group with a 28-day course of administration of sodium nitrite solution, morphofunctional signs of decompensation of the medulla and the fascicular zone of the adrenal glands (especially the medulla) appear, which indicates the development of severe distress in animals and the impossibility of restoring homeostasis.
The purpose of the work was to study the state of the components of the prooxidant-antioxidant system and indicators of protein metabolism in animals after a long period after exposure to weak electromagnetic fields. Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out on three-month-old white outbred rats. The animals were exposed to low-intensity electromagnetic radiation in the centimeter range for 2 months, 4 hours daily. The study of biochemical parameters of blood serum was carried out 3 months after the end of the experimental exposure. When conducting the research, an emitter in the form of a rectangular horn with a base area of 875 cm was used. Energy radiation was expressed in the power flow density in the area where the experimental animals were located. In the comparison group (n=10), animals were placed in a similar chamber every day, but were not exposed to electromagnetic radiation. Research was conducted in the first half of the day, taking into account circadian rhythms. The analysis of biochemical parameters of blood serum was carried out 3 months after the end of exposure, that is, for rats aged 8 months. Results and discussion. It was revealed that in animals exposed to weak electromagnetic radiation, after a long period after the cancellation of the action, there is an imbalance in the prooxidant-antioxidant system; activation of the non-enzymatic link of antioxidant protection is observed – an increase in the level of s-nitrosothiols against the background of a decrease in the level of lipid peroxidation, which, in addition to a destructive effect on the cell membrane, is a necessary element in maintaining the system of renewal of functionally important component of the lipid layer of cell membranes. The experimentally established dysproteinemia (decrease in the α1 fraction and increase in the α2 fraction of globulins) in animals of the main group may indicate a specific change in the enzymatic spectrum of the synthesis of these proteins in the liver. The activation of antioxidant defense components that we discovered is probably a protective measure aimed at maintaining homeostasis after prolonged exposure to electromagnetic radiation. Conclusion. A decrease in the level of final products of protein metabolism was revealed: creatinine and urea, which suggests a decrease in the rate of protein catabolism. It is concluded that in animals, after a long period after exposure to weak electromagnetic fields of the centimeter range, the level of lipid peroxidation is reduced, specific changes in the indicators of protein metabolism are noted, indicating a decrease in the level of their catabolism. It is suggested that this may be related to a decrease in total muscle mass
The aim of the research was to study the features of the morphofunctional state of the pineal gland, neurohypophysis and adrenal medulla, as well as the сontent of serotonin and catecholamine in the blood serum of rats against the background of energy drink administration during two weeks. In animals that consumed energy drinks during two weeks at a dose of 6 ml per kg of body weight, serum serotonin and catecholamine levels were determined. Histological, including morphometric, studies of the epiphysis, posterior pituitary and adrenal medulla were performed. Against the background of energy drink administration, an increase in the content of blood serum serotonin, norepinephrine and epinephrine was detected. The morphofunctional state of the endocrine glands investigated in the present study is strongly stimulated. Indirect signs of apoptosis of parenchymal cells in the pineal gland, neurohypophysis and adrenal medulla were established. The studied stress-associated endocrine glands in animals against the background of the two-week intake of energy drinks have signs of a sharp stimulation of hormone production (serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and vasopressin). Oral consumption of energy drinks during two weeks by experimental animals led to morphological changes in the pineal gland (prevalence of indolamine-producing pinealocytes), an increased load on these cells and probably their faster and frequent apoptosis. The number of pinealocytes in the pineal gland decreases and their morpho-functional load increases.2. Short-term administration (14 days) of caffeinated energy drinks affects the morphofunctional state of posterior pituitary, which can be highly likely interpreted as a result of overproduction of vasopressin.3. Overproduction of serotonin by pynea-locytes and catecholamine by adrenal glands is confirmed by their higher levels in blood serum of animals after the two-week-long intake of energy drinks compared to the control group.
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