Introduction. To restore the knee local cartilage lesions, a large number of alternative surgical techniques are used in clinical practice: isolated debridement of the lesion area, chondrogenesis stimulation, mosaic osteochondral grafting, cell technologies, collagen membranes (matrices), and a combination of the above methods. The purpose of this article was to compare the effectiveness of various surgical methods of treating patients with local cartilage lesions of the femur based on analysis of relevant publications. Materials and Methods. The review included 85 publications of domestic and foreign authors within 2005 to 2020. The search was carried out in electronic scientific databases PubMed and eLIBRARy. Results. The medium and long term outcomes of debridement and/or various options of chondrogenesis stimulating, despite their wide popularity, in terms of clinical, radiological, and histological indicators, are inferior to all other surgical techniques. Mosaic osteochondral auto-and/or allografting, as well as transplantation of autologous chondrocytes culture with a collagen membrane, are characterized by the best 15 to 20-year outcomes, allowing most patients to maintain the same level of activity as before the lesion occurred. The combination of matrices with other cellular products or microfracturing shows similar medium-term results, but it long-term efficacy remains unknown. Conclusion. The use of debridement and/or chondrogenesis stimulation should be limited to minimal defects. From both a clinical and an economic point of view, mosaic osteochondral grafting is the optimal method for the treatment of knee local cartilage lesions with an area up to 4 to 6 cm 2 . The combination of membranes with various cellular products or microfracturing is indicated in case of extensive local cartilage lesions or if mosaic osteochondral grafting is not appropriate.
Цель исследования-определить локализацию костных туннелей после реконструкции передней крестообразной связки (пКС) с применением транстибиальной техники и оценить влияние их положения на клинические результаты лечения. Материал и методы. Было проведено клинико-лучевое обследование 54 пациентов в сроки от 25 до 57 нед. после транстибиальной реконструкции пКС с использованием трансплантата из сухожилий подколенных мышц. Состоятельность трансплантата пКС оценивали по данным магнитно-резонансной томографии. Локализацию костных туннелей определяли методом компьютерной томографии с трехмерной реконструкцией. Для субъективной оценки результатов оперативного лечения использовали шкалы-опросники IKDC-2000, KOOS и Lysholm. Для оценки переднезаднего и ротационного смещения голени относительно бедра проводили мануальные тесты «переднего выдвижного ящика», Лахмана и pivot-shift, а также выполняли артрометрию коленного сустава. пациенты были разделены на две группы в зависимости от положения центра бедренного туннеля по отношению к латеральному межмыщелковому гребню (ЛМГ). К 1-й группе были отнесены пациенты, у которых центр бедренного туннеля располагался кпереди от ЛМГ, ко 2-й группе-в зоне ЛМГ. Результаты. по данным КТ было выявлено, что большеберцовый туннель у пациентов обеих групп располагался в пределах средней или задней трети зоны прикрепления пКС. Центр бедренного туннеля у 32 больных (59%) был расположен кпереди и вне зоны ЛМГ (1-я группа), у остальных 32 (41%)-в проксимальной части ЛМГ (2-я группа). при субъективной оценке по шкалам-опросникам более высокие показатели были выявлены по шкале Lysholm. при объективном обследовании были обнаружены статистически значимые различия между группами. Так, в 1-й группе у 78% пациентов выявились положительные результаты мануальных тестов первой или второй степени, тогда как во 2-й группе аналогичные симптомы определялись лишь у 32% больных. по данным итоговой оценки IKDC-2000, к категории А были отнесены 19% пациентов из 1-й группы и 64% из 2-й, остальные больные обеих групп соответствовали категориям B или C. Заключение. Транстибиальная техника реконструкции пКС с использованием трансплантата из сухожилий подколенных мышц у большинства пациентов не позволяет расположить бедренный туннель в анатомической зоне прикрепления. при этом положение костных туннелей оказывает значительное влияние на стабильность коленного сустава. Ключевые слова: передняя крестообразная связка, стабильность коленного сустава, артроскопия коленного сустава.
Material and methods: Anatomical relationships of elbow nerves and bony structures were studied by dissection of non-fixed anatomical material (6 elbow joints). To investigate the variant anatomy of the brachial artery, MRI in 23 patients were performed. In 10 patients the authors used ultrasound to study the topographic relationships of elbow nerve structures at different functional positions of the upper extremity. Variability of the brachial artery deviation, depending on the angle of elbow flexion, was studied in six angiograms of non-fixed anatomical material. Statistical analysis was performed using Instant + and Past 306 software. Results: It was found that elbow flexion of 180°-90° moves the brachial artery away from the bones with a maximum distance from the humerus of 5 cm above the joint space. Distance increases from 23.5±3.1 mm to 23.9±3.1 mm. In 90° elbow flexion radial and median nerves are at the maximum distance from bony structures-16.01±0.43 and 20.48±0.28 mm, respectively. Conclusion: These findings allowed justification of the conclusion that the lateral arthroscopic approaches to the elbow are the safest. It is possible to perform two lateral arthroscopic approaches: optical and instrumental, without conflict with major neurovascular structures. The optimal position for the surgery is 90° elbow flexion.
Purpose of study: based on the analysis of clinical and radiation data to determine the most favorable positioning of the bone tunnels at different techniques of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.Study design: retrospective analysis.Patients and methods. Face-to-face and a remote examination was performed in 202 patients at terms from 1.5 to 5 years after primary ACL autoplasty using the graft from the popliteal muscle tendons. All patients were divided into 3 groups depending on the technique of the bone tunnels formation. The patients from the 1stgroup (n=109) were operated on using transtibial technique, from the 2nd(n=52) and 3rd(n=41) groups – using anteromedial technique with the positioning of the femoral tunnel in the central and anteromedial part of ACL attachment, respectively. Bone tunnels positioning was determined using CT with 3D reconstruction. Subjective evaluation was performed by IKDS-2000, KOOS and Lysholm knee score. To assess the tibiofemoral dislocation the anterior drawer, Lachman and pivot shift tests as well as arthrometry (comparison with the healthy side) were performed.Results.In patients from group 1 the tibial tunnel was positioned in the plane of either central or posterolateral part of ACL attachment. In groups 2 and 3 the tunnel was positioned closer to the anteromedial part. In the majority of patients form group 1 the femoral tunnel was positioned in the zone or slightly forwards of the anteromedial part of ACL femoral attachment, in group 2 – in the plane of central or posterolateral part, in group 3 – in the anteromedial part. In patients from the 1st and 2nd groups the subjective evaluation by IKDS-2000, KOOS and Lysholm knee score was comparable and much higher in the 3rdgroup (p<0.05). Objective evaluation showed positive manual tests results in 47 patients (62%) from the 1st group, 19 patients (51%) – 2ndgroup and 4 patients (11%) – 3rdgroup. Arthrometry showed the increase of anteroposterior tibiofemoral dislocation by 3.4±2.6 mm in the 1st group, 3.1±2.7 mm in the 2nd group and 1.2±1.4 mm. Statistical analysis did not reveal significant difference in knee stability between the patients from the 1stand 2ndgroups.Conclusion.Positioning of the femoral tunnel in the plane of anteromedial part of ACL attachment ensures better surgical treatment functional results. In anteromedial technique the use of posterosuperior contour of the lateral femoral condyle as a reference point enables to improve the accuracy of femoral tunnel positioning as well as to minimize the error risk at intraoperative marking.
Purpose of study: based on the analysis of clinical and radiation data to determine the most favorable positioning of the bone tunnels at different techniques of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Study design: retrospective analysis. Patients and methods. Face-to-face and a remote examination was performed in 202 patients at terms from 1.5 to 5 years after primary ACL autoplasty using the graft from the popliteal muscle tendons. All patients were divided into 3 groups depending on the technique of the bone tunnels formation. The patients from the 1st group (n=109) were operated on using transtibial technique, from the 2nd (n=52) and 3rd (n=41) groups - using anteromedial technique with the positioning of the femoral tunnel in the central and anteromedial part of ACL attachment, respectively. Bone tunnels positioning was determined using CT with 3D reconstruction. Subjective evaluation was performed by IKDS-2000, KOOS and Lysholm knee score. To assess the tibiofemoral dislocation the anterior drawer, Lachman and pivot shift tests as well as arthrometry (comparison with the healthy side) were performed. Results. In patients from group 1 the tibial tunnel was positioned in the plane of either central or posterolateral part of ACL attachment. In groups 2 and 3 the tunnel was positioned closer to the anteromedial part. In the majority of patients form group 1 the femoral tunnel was positioned in the zone or slightly forwards of the anteromedial part of ACL femoral attachment, in group 2 - in the plane of central or posterolateral part, in group 3 - in the anteromedial part. In patients from the 1st and 2nd groups the subjective evaluation by IKDS-2000, KOOS and Lysholm knee score was comparable and much higher in the 3rd group (p
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